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psychology > research methods part 2 > Flashcards

research methods part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

define reliability

A

refers to how consistent a measurement devise is internally or externally

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2
Q

what are 3 ways of assessing reliability

A
  1. test retest
  2. inter-observer reliability
  3. measuring reliability
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3
Q

test retest

A
  • repeating an experiment on multiple occasions
  • sufficient time between
  • correlate results to make sure they are significant
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4
Q

inter-observer reliability

A
  • use two psychologist to observe the same behavior.
  • applies to behavioral categories
  • data should be correlated to test reliability
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5
Q

how is reliability measured

A

with a correlation analysis.

the result should have a co-efficient should be higher than +0.80 to be significant

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6
Q

how to improve reliability in a questionnaire

A
  • deselect or rewrite questions

- use closed questions

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7
Q

how to improve reliability in interviews

A
  • use the same trained interviewer
  • avoid using ambiguous questions
  • use structed interviews
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8
Q

how to improve reliability in observations

A
  • probably operationalized behavioral categories

- train the observers

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9
Q

define validity

A

the extent to which an observed affect is true or generalizable

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10
Q

what are the 4 type of validity

A
  1. internal validity
  2. external validity
  3. temporal validity
  4. ecological validity
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11
Q

internal validity

A

relates to if the observed effects are coursed by the manipulation of the independent variable or other external factors.
(mainly affect by demand characterists)

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12
Q

external validity

A

relates to external factors outside the investigation. e.g. generalizability
a type of external validity is ecological validity

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13
Q

temporal validity

A

relates to the issue if finding or studies hold true overtime

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14
Q

ecological validity

A

is a type of external validity that relate to if the study can be applied to different settings

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15
Q

2 ways of assessing validity

A
  1. face validity

2. concurrent validity

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16
Q

face validity

A
  • looks at if a study/research is measuring what it is suppose to.
  • done by giving it to an expert or checking if it seems correct
17
Q

concurrent validity

A
  • seeing if the results seem similar to previous studies

- correlation of the to scores should excessed +0.80

18
Q

how can you improve validity in experiments

A
  • use control group (make sure the iv is affect the dv)
  • standardized procedures
  • single/ double blind procedures (no demand characteristics)
19
Q

how to improve validity in questionnaires

A
  • lie scale (assess the consistency of the results and control social desirability bias)
  • anonymous responses
20
Q

how to improve validity in observations

A

(tend to have high ecological validity)

  • use covert observation
  • make sure the behavioral categories aren’t to board
21
Q

how to improve validity in qualitative research

A

high ecological validity = less interpretative methods - conclusion

  • make sure experimenter and participants perceive the research in the same way
  • triangulation
22
Q

define the sign test

A

a statistical test used to analysis the difference in scores between related items. the data used is nominal.

23
Q

define probability

A

look at the certain likelihood an event will occur

24
Q

define a peer review

A

is the assessment of scientific work by others specialists in the same field, to ensure that any research intended for publication is of high quality.

25
Q

what are the 3 aims of a peer review

A
  1. to allocate research funding
  2. suggest amendments/improvements
  3. validate quality and relevance of research
26
Q

evaluations of peer review

A
  • publication bias
  • burying groundbreaking research
    +/- anonymity
27
Q

what are the 6 parts of a scientific report.

A
  1. abstract
  2. introduction
  3. method
  4. results
  5. discussion
  6. references
28
Q

what should be in the abstract

A
  • short summary (150 to 200 words long)

- include the aim, hypothesis, methods, results and conclusion.

29
Q

what should be in the introduction of a scientific report

A
  • literature review of relevant research, concepts and theories in the research.
30
Q

what should be in the method section of a scientific report

A
  • detailed part that allow others psychologists to repeat the study and test replicability.
    (experimental design, sample, ethical considerations and materials)
31
Q

what should be included in the results section of a scientific report

A
  • descriptive statistics (graphs)
  • inferential statistics
  • no raw data
    (if qualitative result they should be analyzed instead )
32
Q

what should be included in the discussion section of a scientific report.

A
  • results analyzed verbally now
  • discuss the context of evidence
  • suggest limitations
  • suggest real world applications
33
Q

referencing

A

Journal: author, data, article title, journal name (in italics), volume, page number.

Books: author, date, book title, place of publication.

Web references: source, data, title, weblink, data accessed.

34
Q

what are the 5 features of a science

A
  1. paradigm / paradigm shift
  2. theory construction and hypothesis testing
  3. falsifiability
  4. replicability
  5. objectivity / empirical methods

psychology (16 decks)

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