memory (mocks)

Question 1

define / explain a cognitive interview

Answer 1

a method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories.

Question 2

what are 4 techniques used in cognitive interviews

Answer 2

1. report everything - even information they see as irrelevant
2. reinstate context - return to the place of the crime - content dependent forgetting
3. reverse the order - helps to remove there expectations of the events
4. change the perceptive - also removes the disruptions and schemas of the event

Question 3

how developed cognitive interviews

Answer 3

fisher and Geiselman

Question 4

enhanced cognitive interview

Answer 4

developed by fisher - focus on the social dynamic of the interactions
police are encouraged to ask open questions and and use eye contact
to reduce anxiety and distractions

Question 5

weakness - cognitive interviews - time consuming

Answer 5

police may be reluctant to use CI as it is time consuming and take special training to complete
e.g. establish the rapport with the witness allowing them to relax
also some police stations don’t have the resources to train them and provide a couple of hours for this.
therefore is not a realistic method for police to use and might be better off just focusing on a few key elements.

Question 6

cognitive interviews - weakness - only a few element may be useful

Answer 6

not all of its element are as useful as others
Milne and bull - found that all 4 techniques produced more information that standard police techniques
but found that report everything and reinstate context produced better recall than the other techniques
this casts doubt on the over the countability of overall cognitive interviews use

Question 7

define the multistore model of memory

Answer 7

a representation of memory works in term of three stores and also describes how information is transferred between the stores allowing use to understand what makes memories last and disappear.

Question 8

the three section of the multi store memory model

Answer 8

(stimulation from the environment)
1. sensory register 
(attention)
2. short term memory 
(prolonged rehearsal) 
3. long term memory
(maintenance rehearsal) - phonological loop

Question 9

sensory register

Answer 9

all stimulus from the environment goes into the sensory register. - from all 5 senses
coded - from all senses
capacity - very large
duration - less half a second
information is passed onto the STM when attention to the information is given

Question 10

short term memory

Answer 10

coded - acoustically
duration - 18 seconds (unless rehearsed)
capacity - 7 +/- 2
maintenance rehearsal occurs when repeating information - allowing the information to go to the LTM

Question 11

long term memory

Answer 11

coded - semantically
duration - a lifetime
capacity - unlimited
we can retrieve information from the LTM allowing it to move into the STM

Question 12

a strength of multi-store model of memory- research support

Answer 12

research support - that the STM and the LTM are different
Baddeley - found we mix up words that sound similar in the STM and mix up words that mean the same in our LTM - showing that they are separate stores as they are coded differently .

however, the research that support the MSM is that they use artificial materials, for example Baddeley used a list of random words.
this makes the results not reveal how our memory works on a day to day basics with meaningful information
the MSM is not valid when it comes to meaningful information

Question 13

a weakness of the MSM - multiple STM stores

Answer 13

psychologist looked at an amnesia patient, KF and found that his STM recall of digits was very poor unless he read the to himself.
further research on KF found that there was a STM store nonverbal sounds
this information shows that the theory that STM process all information in one store is incorrect