research method (mocks)

Question 1

define reliability

Answer 1

refers to how consistent a measuring device is and this includes psychological test or observations which assess behavior

Question 2

what are the two ways assessing reliability

Answer 2

1. test retest

2. inter-observer reliability

Question 3

test - retest

Answer 3

same test again at a later point to the same
applied questionnaires and interviews
test reliability with correlation
- allow enough time to for participants to forget their answers

Question 4

inter-observe

Answer 4

two observers look at same participant behavior
behavioral categories - observation
inter - rater reliability
- trained observers

Question 5

when would you use chi-squared as a statistical test

Answer 5

1. nominal, unrelated, difference

2. nominal, correlation

Question 6

sign test

Answer 6

nominal - related difference

1. calculate number of + and -
2. remove = from total (s)
3. use smaller number - calculated value
4. n - participant number - use on chart
5. chart number is critical value

Question 7

how to remember if the critical value should be bigger for a significant

Answer 7

R = greater

Question 8

manwhitney

Answer 8

ordinal - unrelated

Question 9

wilcoxson

Answer 9

ordinal - related

Question 10

unrelated t- test

Answer 10

interval - unrelated

Question 11

related t- test

Answer 11

related - interval

Question 12

nominal

Answer 12

frequency

Question 13

ordinal

Answer 13

rank

Question 14

interval

Answer 14

scale

Question 15

what are the 3 aims of a peer review

Answer 15

1. to allocate research funding
2. suggest amendments/improvements
3. validate quality and relevance of research

Question 16

define a peer review

Answer 16

is the assessment of scientific work by others specialists in the same field, to ensure that any research intended for publication is of high quality.

Question 17

referencing - journal

Answer 17

Journal:

author, data, article title, journal name (in italics), volume, page number.

Question 18

referencing; book

Answer 18

Books:

author, date, book title, place of publication.

Question 19

referencing ; web

Answer 19

Web references:

source, data, title, weblink, data accessed.

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

some aspect of the experimental situation that is manipulated by the researcher so the effect on the DV can be measured

Question 21

dependent variable

Answer 21

the variable that is measured by the researcher. any effect should be caused by the change in the IV

Question 22

define a hypothesis

Answer 22

a clear, precise and testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated. states an outset of any study
directional hypothesis - states the directional of the difference or relationship

Question 23

experimental design

Answer 23

independent group
repeated measures
matched pairs.

Question 24

independent groups

Answer 24

participants are allocated to different groups were each group represents one experimental condition.
weakness = confounding variable - deal with random allocation
strength = no order effect like repeated measures
weakness = less economical - double participant, time and money

Question 25

repeated measures

Answer 25

all participant take part in all conditions of the experiment weakness = order effect - solved with counterbalancing strength = participant variable - leading high validity weakness = demand characteristics

Question 26

matched pairs

Answer 26

pairs of participants are first match on some variables that may affect the dependent variable. the each member of the pair is assigned to a experimental condition weakness = time consuming and expensive strength = no participant variable or order effects - never exact match though

Question 27

6 types of validity

Answer 27

``` internal validity external validity concurrent validity temporal validity ecological validity face validity ```

Question 28

face validity

Answer 28

a basic form of validity in which a measure is scrutinized to determine if it appear to measure what it attended to measure.

Question 29

concurrent validity

Answer 29

the extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure

Question 30

ecological validity

Answer 30

the extent to which the finding from a research study can be generalized to another setting or situation

Question 31

temporal validity

Answer 31

the extent to which findings from a research study can be generalized to other historical time and eras

Question 32

case studies

Answer 32

an in-depth investigation, description, and analysis of an individual, group or event. produce qualitative data and longitudinal + rich, in-depth data collected - limited generalization

Question 33

questionnaire

Answer 33

a set of written questions used to access a persons thought or/and experiences open question = qualitative closed questions = quantitively + cost effective +easy to analysis data = time efficient - demand characteristic and social desirable bias - response bias = scale

Question 34

type of sampling

Answer 34

1. random sampling 2. systematic sampling 3. stratified sampling 4. opportunity sampling 5. volunteer sampling

Question 35

random sampling

Answer 35

members of the target population = lottery method + potential unbias - difficult and time consuming - still unrepresentative - volunteer bias - participant refuse to take part

Question 36

systematic sampling

Answer 36

members of the target population = nth member - sampling frame (alphabetic) + representative - a complete target population is impossible

Question 37

stratified sample

Answer 37

a sample that composts of participants that reflect the population and certain subgroups (%) + representative

Question 38

opportunity sampling

Answer 38

select those who are willing and available + convenient, time and cost efficient - unrepresentative - researcher bias

Question 39

volunteer sample

Answer 39

participant = self selection, advertise experiment + convenient and time efficient - volunteer bias

Question 40

define generalisation

Answer 40

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.