attachment (mocks) Flashcards
Schaffer and Emerson findings - role of the father
65% of babies attach to their mothers first
3% form a specific attachment to their fathers
27% of infants had a joint attachment with their father and mother first
75% of infants formed an attachment to their fathers after 18 months
Grossmann et al - role of the father
longitude study - baby to teen
found the quality of attachment with the mother was the only thing that influenced attachment adolescence.
however also found the quality of play the father had with the baby related to the quality of attachment in adolescence - father has a role of play in attachment
tiffany filed
filmed babies reactions to a primary caregiver mother, secondary caregiver father and a primary caregiver father.
found that primary caregiver father and mother spent more time holding and smiling at their babies than secondary caregiver father.
this mean that reciprocity and interactional synchrony are needed to become a primary attachment.
+ supported by Isabella et al who found that higher level of synchrony led to better attachments
economic implications into research into attachment
- offer advise to parent for how should stay home - father go back to work quicker = make business not have to pay for paternity leave for as long
- mother may go back to work (know both parents can be primary attachment) as she makes a higher income.
- decrease in childcares being hired
Bowlby’s theory of attachment - 5 mnemonic
a snap chat makes images
- adoptive - attachment are adoptive for survival
- social releasers - unlock innate tendency in adults and are physical (smile) and behavioral (cooing)
- critical period - 3 to 6 months of age
- monotropy - a special attachment to the primary caregiver
- internal working model - create a internal template for future relationships
Bowlby - the influence of early attachments
internal working models - template of expectations that are like schemas
- formed by early experiences with the primary caregiver and attachment types.
- importance of monotropy
- sensitive responsiveness = secure attachment type = functional and loving future relationships
kerns - the influences of early attachment
securely attached infants are more likely to have good quality peer relationships during childhood
insecurely attached infants are likely to have difficulties making or maintaining friendships
Sroufe et al - the influence of early attachments
Minnesota child parent study
found - securely attached infants developed a high in social competence during childhood and were more empathetic, popular and less isolated.
this because securely attached infants will develop an internal working model that makes them have positive expectations for people.
Hazan and shaver - relationships in adulthood
love quiz - designed to test internal working models to see attachment type influences adult friendships
- American newspaper - 620 volunteers
findings = 56% secure attachment, 25% insecure avoidant, 19% insecure resistant
positive correlation between secure attachments and loving + lasting relationships
insecure - avoidant = feeling of disliking in relation to intimacy
insecure - resistance = shorter relationships of 6 years compared to 10 year
- attachment type are reflected in adult relationships because of the internal working model
bailey et al - relationships in adulthood
- attachment type of nearly 100 mother and their infants (strange situation and interview)
- vast proportion of women had the same attachment type as their children
- internal working model influences parenting style
support from Harlow - nonhuman animals also mirror this pattern - monkeys poor attachments where poor parents
evaluation - weakness - mixed research - influence of early attachments
mixed research in determining continuity of attachment type from childhood to adulthood.
- Zimmerman - infant attachment type classification and quality of relationships in adolescences are not related.
this does not the support the role of the internal working model being important in developing relationships in the future.
- doubt of the emphasis on the internal working model made by Bowlby
weakness -validity issue of retrospectives studies - influence of early attachment
research into influence of attachment in early attachment is assessed retrospectively
most research is not longitudinal- instead ask participant to reflect on their relationship with parents to understand their attachment types.
two validity problems - relies on the honestly and reliability of participants + cant tell if they are assessing adult attachments.
confounding variables - research of early attachment making the research meaningless
