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psychology > research methods lessons 6-11 > Flashcards

research methods lessons 6-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is random sampling

A

when every member of target population has the same chance of being selected. names in a hat

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2
Q

evaluation of random sampling

A

advantages: if target population is large then results can be generalised and there is no researcher bias.
disadvantages: not all members selected may be available making it unreliable. difficult to get full details

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3
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

process of taking every Nth person from a list

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4
Q

evaluation of systematic sampling

A

advantages: more simple as only requires list
disadvantages: not all pps will be willing to take part

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5
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

classifying population into categories (characteristics) and randomly choosing sample from each category

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6
Q

evaluation of stratified sampling

A

advantages: sample is representative as all groups included
disadvantages: very time consuming

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7
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

selecting pps who are readily available and willing to take part

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8
Q

evaluation of opportunity sampling

A

advantages: most easiest and practical method
disadvantages: high chance sample is not representative. ppl may feel obliged to

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9
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

when people are asked to pps or see it on adverts

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10
Q

evaluation of volunteer sampling

A

advantages: saves time and effort as only need to put out advert
disadvantages: certain type of people volunteer such as enthusiastic

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11
Q

what is a pilot studies

A

an initial run through of experiment using a few people to save time and spot ambiguities

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12
Q

evaluation of pilot study

A

advantages: finds early flaws before it becomes major
disadvantages: takes resources and problem may not flag up

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13
Q

what is an experimental condition

A

group exposed to independent variable

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14
Q

what is control condition

A

group receives no treatment

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15
Q

what is standardisation

A

using same formalised procedures

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16
Q

what is random allocation

A

independent groups design to give pps same chance of being chosen

17
Q

what is independent groups design

A

pps randomly allocated to condition like drawing from hat

18
Q

evaluation of independent groups design

A

advantages: order effects don’t occur as different pps in each condition. demand characteristics reduced
disadvantages: more pps needed. results may be due to individual differences rather than independent variable

19
Q

what is repeated measures design

A

each pps is tested in each condition

20
Q

evaluation of repeated measures design

A

advantages: no individual differences. half as many pps needed.
disadvantages: order effects may occur. to combat use counterbalancing. demand characteristics likely

21
Q

what is matched pairs design

A

different pps used in all conditions but pps matched by characteristics

22
Q

evaluation of matched pairs design

A

advantages: less risk of order effects and individual differences less likely to occur
disadvantages: twice number of pps required and is more difficult and time consuming

23
Q

what is external reliability

A

results are consistent. test-retest used to assess which is conducted once and then again in the future

24
Q

what is internal reliability

A

whether results are consistent within itself. split-half technique used where questionnaire split in two

25
Q

validity definitions

A

external - findings generalised to other settings
participant - study generalised to target population
temporal - study generalised to people in contemporary society
internal - outcome is direct result of manipulation of IV upon DV

26
Q

extraneous variables that need to be controlled

A

participant variable: characteristics which may affect DV. to overcome use matched pairs or repeated measures design.
situational variables: factors in environment which may affect DV. to overcome use standardisation
experimenter variables: experimenter which can affect the DV. use standardised instructions

27
Q

what are investigator effects

A

when characteristics of investigator influence pps behaviour. e.g observer bias and interviewer effects
overcome using double blind technique.

28
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

when pps guess aims of study. to overcome use single blind technique

29
Q

what is ethics committee

A

made of research departments and they approve research proposals

30
Q

what is informed consent

A

when person gives their consent and under 16 must get from parent

31
Q

ways to deal with lack of informed consent

A

presumptive consent: consent gained from people of similar background to pps
prior general consent: when pps agree to being deceived without knowing when or how
retrospective consent: asking pps for consent after if they reject then destroy data

32
Q

what to do if pps is experiencing harm in experiment

A

psychologist should stop experiment immediately and ask if they are able to continue

33
Q

advantages of posting work in journal

A

good reputation so is well trusted
wide range of exposure
recognition gets given

34
Q

what is peer review

A

psychologist sends work to another psychologist so work is independently scrutinised. work considered for publishing. double bind peer review process occurs. if research doesn’t need standard then it isn’t published

35
Q

what is open access online peer reviews

A

where new knowledge is viewed online by scientific community and the general public. readers can leave comments and rate articles

36
Q

evaluation of peer review

A

advantages: acts as a filter so only high quality research published, checked by fellow experts. when double blind it’s reliable
disadvantages: process is slow. can be unfair as some people have connection. some journals are more prestigious

37
Q

relation between psychology and economy

A

social change
improving memory
attachment
mental health

psychology (25 decks)

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