approaches lessons 9-11 Flashcards
what are the three levels of the mind according to freud
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
what is the conscious
contains thoughts, feelings and memories a person is aware of
what is the preconscious mind
contains thoughts feelings and memories a person can access if they wanted to
what is the unconscious mind
freud believes most our everyday actions and behaviours are a product of the unconscious. which reveals itself in freudian slips and in creativity. it is responsible for behaviour and personality.
what is free association
practice of allowing a patient to speak freely of their thoughts and dreams
how did freud use dream interpretation in his work
instead of telling patients what they meant he asked them to say a word in relation to the dream.
what are the three structures of personality
the id
the ego
the superego
what is the id
formed between birth and 18 months. in unconscious mind. deals with feelings, needs and seeking pleasure. operates on pleasure principle
what is the ego
formed between 18 months and 3 years. in the conscious mind. rational balance between id and superego. operates on reality principle.
what is the superego
formed between 3-6 years. in the unconscious mind. acts as moral guide based on parental and societal values. operates on morality principle.
what are the three examples of defence mechanisms
repression - the unconscious blocking unacceptable thoughts
denial - refuse to accept reality when associated to traumatic situation
displacement - divert strong emotion to alternative people or objects
what is the oral psychosexual stage 0-1yrs
focus of pleasure is the mouth and control of sucking and biting
oral consequences -
resolution : trusting and able to give/receive affection
unresolved : oral fixation - smoking, biting nails and sarcastic personality
anal psychosexual stage 1-3yrs
focus of pleasure in the anus - withholding and expelling faeces
anal consequences
resolution: can deal with authority figures
unresolved: anal retentive personality - perfectionist and obsessive. anal expulsive personality - thoughtless and messy
phallic psychosexual stage 3-5yrs
focus of pleasure in genital area. experiences oedipus or electra complex
phallic consequences
resolution - adopts behaviours of same sex
unresolved - narcissistic, reckless and possibly homosexual
latent psychosexual stage 6-12yrs
focus is on the mastery of the world and social relationships.
genital psychosexual stage 12+yrs
sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty
genital consequences
resolution - individual is well adjusted adult
unresolved - difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
what is the oedipus and electra complex
oedipus - during phallic stage boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mother and hatred for father. fearing the father will castrate them boys identify with their father internalising their gender role.
electra - during phallic stage girls experience penis envy and desire their father. they also believe they have been castrated. over time girls give up desire for father and changes to baby so they identify with their mother and internalise to gender role
evaluation of psychodynamic approach
advantages: led to psychoanalysis which is a treatment for anxiety disorders. the case study of little hans supports oedipus complex.
disadvantages: unconscious mind and defence mechanisms cannot be tested, seen or measured so is not very scientific. freud tends to focus on childhood problem rather than current problems.
what are the stages in maslows hierarchy of needs
self actualisation - achieving one’s full potential concerning psychological growth
esteem needs - prestige and feeling of accomplishment
belongingness and love needs - intimate relationships and friends
safety needs - security and safety
physiological needs - food water rest and warmth
what is the idea of focussing on the self proposed by rogers
claimed that people have two needs : positive regard from other people and feelings of self worth
what are feelings of self worth
valuing ourselves. usually develop in childhood interacting with significant others and parents
what is positive regard
can be unconditional which is when a person is accepted for who they are
or conditional where people develop conditions of worth which is conditions that have to be met if they are to be accepted by others.
what is congruence/incongruence
if there is a similarity between a persons perceived self and ideal self it is congruence
if there is a difference then it is incongruence which can lead to negative feelings of self worth.
it is rare to be in complete congruence
evaluation of humanistic approach
advantages: it focusses on personal growth and humanistic therapy focusses on self actualisation. which gives people clarity about their values leading to a meaningful life. evidence of conditions of self worth about teenagers having to fulfil conditions to please parents.
disadvantages: even though humanists believe in free will, science believes everything has to be determined. determinism allows for predictability of behaviour so if there is no determinism there is limited application to behaviour. proposes concepts of self actualisation which can’t be operalisationised
comparison of approaches
determinism - biological, behaviourist, social learning theory, cognitive, psychodynamic
free will - humanistic
nature - biological
nurture - behaviourist, humanistic
both - cognitive, psychodynamic, social learning theory
reductionism - biological, behaviourist
holistic - social learning theory, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic
ideographic - humanistic
nomothetic - biological, behaviourist, social learning theory
both - cognitive, psychodynamic
scientific - biological, behaviourist, mostly social learning theory, mostly cognitive
not scientific - psychodynamic, humanistic
