approaches lessons 9-11

Question 1

what are the three levels of the mind according to freud

Answer 1

conscious
preconscious
unconscious

Question 2

what is the conscious

Answer 2

contains thoughts, feelings and memories a person is aware of

Question 3

what is the preconscious mind

Answer 3

contains thoughts feelings and memories a person can access if they wanted to

Question 4

what is the unconscious mind

Answer 4

freud believes most our everyday actions and behaviours are a product of the unconscious. which reveals itself in freudian slips and in creativity. it is responsible for behaviour and personality.

Question 5

what is free association

Answer 5

practice of allowing a patient to speak freely of their thoughts and dreams

Question 6

how did freud use dream interpretation in his work

Answer 6

instead of telling patients what they meant he asked them to say a word in relation to the dream.

Question 7

what are the three structures of personality

Answer 7

the id
the ego
the superego

Question 8

what is the id

Answer 8

formed between birth and 18 months. in unconscious mind. deals with feelings, needs and seeking pleasure. operates on pleasure principle

Question 9

what is the ego

Answer 9

formed between 18 months and 3 years. in the conscious mind. rational balance between id and superego. operates on reality principle.

Question 10

what is the superego

Answer 10

formed between 3-6 years. in the unconscious mind. acts as moral guide based on parental and societal values. operates on morality principle.

Question 11

what are the three examples of defence mechanisms

Answer 11

repression - the unconscious blocking unacceptable thoughts
denial - refuse to accept reality when associated to traumatic situation
displacement - divert strong emotion to alternative people or objects

Question 12

what is the oral psychosexual stage 0-1yrs

Answer 12

focus of pleasure is the mouth and control of sucking and biting

Question 13

oral consequences -

Answer 13

resolution : trusting and able to give/receive affection
unresolved : oral fixation - smoking, biting nails and sarcastic personality

Question 14

anal psychosexual stage 1-3yrs

Answer 14

focus of pleasure in the anus - withholding and expelling faeces

Question 15

anal consequences

Answer 15

resolution: can deal with authority figures
unresolved: anal retentive personality - perfectionist and obsessive. anal expulsive personality - thoughtless and messy

Question 16

phallic psychosexual stage 3-5yrs

Answer 16

focus of pleasure in genital area. experiences oedipus or electra complex

Question 17

phallic consequences

Answer 17

resolution - adopts behaviours of same sex
unresolved - narcissistic, reckless and possibly homosexual

Question 18

latent psychosexual stage 6-12yrs

Answer 18

focus is on the mastery of the world and social relationships.

Question 19

genital psychosexual stage 12+yrs

Answer 19

sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty

Question 20

genital consequences

Answer 20

resolution - individual is well adjusted adult
unresolved - difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

Question 21

what is the oedipus and electra complex

Answer 21

oedipus - during phallic stage boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mother and hatred for father. fearing the father will castrate them boys identify with their father internalising their gender role.
electra - during phallic stage girls experience penis envy and desire their father. they also believe they have been castrated. over time girls give up desire for father and changes to baby so they identify with their mother and internalise to gender role

Question 22

evaluation of psychodynamic approach

Answer 22

advantages: led to psychoanalysis which is a treatment for anxiety disorders. the case study of little hans supports oedipus complex.
disadvantages: unconscious mind and defence mechanisms cannot be tested, seen or measured so is not very scientific. freud tends to focus on childhood problem rather than current problems.

Question 23

what are the stages in maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

self actualisation - achieving one’s full potential concerning psychological growth
esteem needs - prestige and feeling of accomplishment
belongingness and love needs - intimate relationships and friends
safety needs - security and safety
physiological needs - food water rest and warmth

Question 24

what is the idea of focussing on the self proposed by rogers

Answer 24

claimed that people have two needs : positive regard from other people and feelings of self worth

Question 25

what are feelings of self worth

Answer 25

valuing ourselves. usually develop in childhood interacting with significant others and parents

Question 26

what is positive regard

Answer 26

can be unconditional which is when a person is accepted for who they are
or conditional where people develop conditions of worth which is conditions that have to be met if they are to be accepted by others.

Question 27

what is congruence/incongruence

Answer 27

if there is a similarity between a persons perceived self and ideal self it is congruence
if there is a difference then it is incongruence which can lead to negative feelings of self worth.
it is rare to be in complete congruence

Question 28

evaluation of humanistic approach

Answer 28

advantages: it focusses on personal growth and humanistic therapy focusses on self actualisation. which gives people clarity about their values leading to a meaningful life. evidence of conditions of self worth about teenagers having to fulfil conditions to please parents.
disadvantages: even though humanists believe in free will, science believes everything has to be determined. determinism allows for predictability of behaviour so if there is no determinism there is limited application to behaviour. proposes concepts of self actualisation which can’t be operalisationised

Question 29

comparison of approaches

Answer 29

determinism - biological, behaviourist, social learning theory, cognitive, psychodynamic
free will - humanistic

nature - biological
nurture - behaviourist, social learning theory, humanistic
both - cognitive, psychodynamic

reductionism - biological, behaviourist
holistic - social learning theory, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic

ideographic - humanistic
nomothetic - biological, behaviourist, social learning theory
both - cognitive, psychodynamic

scientific - biological, behaviourist, mostly social learning theory, mostly cognitive
not scientific - psychodynamic, humanistic