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SOCI325 Intro to Deviance and Social Control > Research Methods and Stats > Flashcards

Research Methods and Stats Flashcards

1
Q

A great deal of power that comes from the use of statistical knowledge to prove a point comes from

A

The fact that much of the public is under-educated on what these figures and ratios mean.

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2
Q

Statistics can act as a

A

subjective mechanism of social control when decisions of researchers are made in error

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3
Q

Conceptualization

A

identifying what we mean when using specific terms/concepts

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4
Q

Standardization of data

A

Presenting data in a way that allows comparison of different measures

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5
Q

Controversies over Counting Crime

A

Criminologists have developed theories and conducted research using crime statistics that may not be entirely valid or reliable.

Statistics and theories of crime can be misused. In sum, we need to critically analyze crime statistics for their validity and reliability.

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6
Q

Surveys

A

series of closed-ended questions designed to focus the respondents’ answers in a comparable manner

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7
Q

A deductive approach

A
  • Instrument development e.g. questionnaire, interview schedules
  • May be conducted in person, via the telephone, via mail
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8
Q

Every time a survey is completed, the information is contributed toward:

A

datasets used by stakeholders to produce knowledge about the public

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9
Q

Likert-style scaling

A

reading a proposition paired with a ranking system that uses a scale of some sort

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10
Q

Good survey questions avoid:

A
  • Jargon or abbreviations
  • Ambiguity
  • Emotional language
  • Double-barreled questions
  • Leading questions
  • Questions that are beyond respondents’ capabilities
  • False premises
  • Asking about future intentions
  • Double negatives
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11
Q

Validity

A

Ability of research tools to effectively represent the attitudes and ideas that they are meant to measure

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12
Q

8 separate tests of validity:

A
  1. Face
  2. Content
  3. Criterion
  4. Concurrent
  5. Predictive
  6. Construct
  7. Convergent
  8. Discriminant
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13
Q

Inferential limitation

A

The extent to which numerically derived statistics can be used to make inferences on a broader population

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14
Q

Construct Validity

A

A measure of how well a series of questions can be used to make inferences about a given topic
- Jeopardized when researchers either use ineffective measures for their identified trait or develop constructs that identify poorly defined traits

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15
Q

Content Validity

A

A measure of how well a series of questions represents the concept they are designed to test

  • Underlying theory is that good research replicates the successes of the past and discards the failures, creating an environment of continual improvement
  • Above assumption becomes increasingly difficult to ascertain with deeper consideration of the meaning of expertise
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16
Q

Likert Scale

A

Asks respondents to report on the intensity of different items through the use of standard response categories (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree)
- PRoduces responses that can lead to an average score on the concept

17
Q

Sampling

A
  • Process of selection from the population

- Samples represent the population

18
Q

Sampling bias

A

A critique of statistical research based on how well a sample depicts the population it is meant to represent -> the methods to locate and contact would-be survey respondents are flawed based on the way the survey is administered.

19
Q

Haphazard sampling

A

techniques that intentionally employ non-random sampling strategies
Tactics: convenience and purposive samples

20
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Collecting responses from a group of people who are readily available to the researcher (i.e public place as people walk by)

21
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

Seeks out individuals who represent a specific group within the population

22
Q

Non-probability sampling

A
  • Haphazard/Convenience sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Snowball sampling
23
Q

Non-probability: Haphazard/Convenience Sampling

A
  • Selecting convenient cases

- Not random, may misrepresent the population

24
Q

Non-probability: Quota Sampling

A
  • Selecting a certain proportion of a defined group from the population
  • Can ensure that certain characteristics are represented
25
Q

Non-probability: Purposive Sampling

A
  • Selecting cases based on the expert opinion of who needs to be selected
  • Unique cases
  • Specialized populations
  • In-depth investigations
26
Q

Non-probability: Snowball Sampling

A
  • Selecting cases that are linked together

- Used to target interconnected networks

27
Q

Big Data

A

Collection and analysis of personal information produced during our interactions with modern technology (automated, digital process)

28
Q

Problems with Big Data

A
  • Latent Bias

- Representativeness

29
Q

Latent Bias

A
  • Exclusion of marginalized populations

- Underlying computational models reflect the inherent bias of their creators, intentionally held or not

30
Q

Representativeness

A

Digital invisibility: lack of access to internet and devices due to financial costs, affecting the accuracy of big data

31
Q

Representing Unheard Voices

A

Statistical knowledge paired with opportunities to share the experiences of marginalized communities can be a valuable tool for overcoming systemic mechanisms of exclusion

32
Q

Mixed-methods Research

A
  • Approach to research that unites the strengths of qualitative and quantitative information gathering
33
Q

Qualitative Data Analysis

A

“The non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations, for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships.”

  • Ultimate goal is to identify patterns
  • Involves some form of inductive reasoning
34
Q

Finding patterns

A
  • When we are looking for patterns we are concerned with similarities and differences in what we observe
  • The similarities represent the patterns of interactions and events that are common to the phenomenon being studied
  • The differences are important in understanding what characteristics are common among those who are different
35
Q

Grounded Theory

A

An inductive approach to research in which theories are generated from an examination of data, through the constant comparing of unfolding observations

  • Theories are comprised of well-defined categories that are developed based on the observations made about the relationships that exist as a part of some social phenomenon
  • Conceptualization involves developing or refining concepts that are based on the data observed
36
Q

Ethnography/Participant Observation

A

Refers to a report of social life that focuses on detail and rich idiographic account

  • Data collected in the natural setting (naturalism)
  • Involved naturalistic and holistic understandings of social reality
37
Q

Case Study

A

A focused, details investigation of a single instance of some social phenomenon

SOCI325 Intro to Deviance and Social Control (14 decks)

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