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SOCI325 Intro to Deviance and Social Control > Looking Deviant (FINAL) > Flashcards

Looking Deviant (FINAL) Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 common features tie different forms of appearance and deviance together?

A
  1. Varies over time and place, according to the current cultural standards
  2. Provokes labelling, stigmatization, and exclusion
  3. Potential to change social forms
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2
Q

What are appearance norms?

A

Shared notions about beauty that attract us to some people and not to others.

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3
Q

Appearance norms are often:

A

measurable (body size, dress, adornments)

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4
Q

Appearance norms lead to:

A

ridiculing or sanctioning people who do not meet our culture’s standards of beauty

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5
Q

Who feels appearance norms most historically?

A

Women (most valued for beauty and fertility)

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6
Q

According to Merton, one can respond to appearance norms in one of two ways:

A
  • Conformity/Ritualism
  • Innovation/Rebellion

Individuals want to avoid normlessness and not belonging

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7
Q

Conformity/Ritualism

A

An acceptance of norms and an effort to reproduce them

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8
Q

Innovation/Rebellion

A

A rejection of norms and an attempt to live by new appearance rules

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9
Q

Those with more objective interests study:

A

The deviant person, behaviour, or characteristic

Positivist approaches

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10
Q

Those with more subjective interests study:

A

The perceptions of and reactions to the act

Interpretive and critical approaches

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11
Q

Appearance Functionalist Theory

A

Appearance functions as a way to know an individual’s or group’s values by looking at them and promotes unity.
How appearance brings us together and represents individual and collective values/goals/conscience beneath
- What does appearance say about the group’s values?

Maintain group membership via appearance

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12
Q

Bodily beauty as a cultural goal present a strong risk of anomie because:

A

beauty is largely innate (natural)

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13
Q

Rebellious adaptions to appearance norms means growing the community or letting it die

A
  1. A community must give membership to a deviant appearance subculture
  2. The community must enforce behavioural norms within the community
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14
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Appearance Theories

A

Values we learn either oppose or support deviant behaviour

Choice to look a certain way to decide how we are perceived

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15
Q

Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

A
  • Appearance and Stigmatization

- Tribal stigma = stigma from features you are born with

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16
Q

People are motivated to seem ‘normal’ but credibility is risked by:

A

Discrediting or discreditable features

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17
Q

Discrediting vs discreditable features

A

Visible vs invisible

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18
Q

Flawed or deviant appearance is the most immediately:

A

visible and dangerous threat to successful self-presentation

19
Q

Symbolic interactionists are particularly interested in two of the ways we learn deviant values and behaviours:

A
  • Means of transmission (how do people learn to conform and deviate)
  • Secondary deviation (what happens to people after they’ve deviated)
20
Q

George Simmel argued that fashion is subject to an inner irony

A

All items of appearance are individual (expressions of self)

All items are social (expressions of community)

21
Q

Fashion is a process of constant negotiation between the:

A

individual and society

Always trying to be individualistic but still fit into social standards

22
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

Impression management on the front-stage

23
Q

Narrative approach

A

Body art tells the stories of people’s lives

- These stories are interpreted by others within a larger structure of power in society

24
Q

What are the 4 types of body projects?

A
  1. Camouflaging
  2. Extending
  3. Adapting
  4. Redesigning
25
Q

Camouflaging

A

Normative processes (i.e makeup)

26
Q

Extending

A

Overcoming limitations (i.e glasses)

27
Q

Adapting

A

Effortful changes (i.e weight loss)

28
Q

Redesigning

A

Permanent changes (i.e tattoos and piercings)

29
Q

Critical Appearance Theories

A

Unequal power determines who has the right to declare what is normal and abnormal
Always battling individuality vs power of those who determine what is normal/deviant

30
Q

Consumerist society is geared toward making people

A

hate themselves and feel discontented

31
Q

People with less power use deviant acts to

A

challenge and rebel against the norms instituted by those in power

32
Q

Critical Theory: Bourdieu’s Distinction

A

Suggested that relations of dominance in society are maintained through the exercise of ‘taste’ amid the illusion of free choice

  • An actor will acquire the habitus of their position, pursuing activities designated for the Social Space (field)
  • Appearance will reflect ones cultural/social capital
33
Q

According to Veblen, imitation is central to fashion

A

Social imitation is (according to sociological thought) a means of amassing social and cultural capital

  • Conspicuous consumption/conspicuous leisure
  • Invidious comparison
  • Pecuniary emulation
34
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

Buying brand names, judging others and awareness of doing it and that others do it as well, therefore present self as how one wants to be seen, all things we buy is to gain certain acceptance

35
Q

Conspicuous leisure

A

Behaviours done during nonwork time that provide evidence of status

36
Q

Invidious comparison

A

Choice between two things is unfair because the two things are very different or equally good/bad

37
Q

Pecuniary emulation

A

A person’s economic efforts to surpass a rich person’s socioeconomic status

38
Q

Appearance communities are created through

A

powerful needs for social cohesion

39
Q

Deviant appearance communities are made up of

A

people committed to achieving beauty in unconventional ways

40
Q

Joining communities via self-marginalization is a form of

A

intentional deviance

41
Q

Unintended deviance

A

Eating disorders and social norms
- How are people in society excluded and/or abused based on eating disorders
Appearance and social change

42
Q

Feminist Approaches to Appearance

A

The appearance industries encourage women to strive for features that are almost impossible to achieve
- By failing to meet these standards, women may feel they have failed in their roles as women
The male gaze

43
Q

The “Ideal” Body According to Science

A

Based on health risks (i.e harm)

BMI (body mass index): 
<18.5 = underweight
18.5-24.99 = ideal
25.0-29.9 = overweight
30.0+ = obese

SOCI325 Intro to Deviance and Social Control (14 decks)

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