Research Methods Flashcards
Educated guess or statement to be tested by research.
hypothesis
Plan of experimentation used to test a hypothesis.
research design
In an experimental study, the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced (compare with independent variable).
dependent variable
Phenomenon manipulated by the experimenter in a study and expected to influence the dependent variable.
independent variable
Extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out.
internal validity
Extent to which research findings generalize, or apply, to people and settings not involved in the study.
external validity
Ability of a hypothesis, for example, to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and to be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for the hypothesis to be useful.
testability
Any factor occurring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied.
confound
Variable in a research study that was not part of the intended design and that may contribute to changes in the dependent variable.
confounding variable
Group of individuals in a study who are similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment received by the experimental group. Their presence allows for a comparison of the differential effects of the treatment.
control group
Method for placing individuals into research groups that assures each an equal chance of being assigned to any group, thus eliminating any systematic differences across groups.
randomization
Approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions.
analogue models
Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.
generalizability
Probability that obtaining the observed research findings merely by chance is small.
statistical significance
Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems.
clinical significance
Statistical measure that shows the amount of difference among the members of a group in a clinical study.
effect size
Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences.
patient uniformity myth
Research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. The method does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, and findings can be generalized only with great caution (contrast with single-case experimental design).
case study method
Degree to which two variables are associated. In a positive correlation, the two variables increase or decrease together. In a negative correlation, one variable decreases as the other increases.
correlation
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other increases.
positive correlation
Computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of any association between two variables. It can range from 21.00 through 0.00 (indicating no association) to 11.00, with the absolute value indicating the strength and the sign reflecting the direction.
correlation coefficient
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
negative correlation