Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a frequency claim? What validity does it have?

A

What percentage/how many people do this - external

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2
Q

What is an association claim? What validity does it have?

A

What extent are 2 variables correlated - external

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3
Q

What is a causal claim? What validity does it have?

A

What is the direction of the relationship - internal

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4
Q

What is internal validity?

A

How scientific it is

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5
Q

What is external validity?

A

How generalizable to real life it is

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6
Q

What is observational study? What are the three types?

A

Type of correlational study; scientific people watching
1. naturalistic - observe behaviour in natural environment
2. participant - join group and observe from within (group can know you’re researcher or not)
3. structured - bring into lab and watch reactions

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7
Q

What are the pros and cons of observational studies?

A

Pro - very externally valid
Con - NOT internally valid (therefore can not make causal claim)

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8
Q

What does correlational studies (e.g. observational) question?

A

If two variables have a relationship/are related

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9
Q

What are problems with correlational studies?

A

Directionality problem - don’t know which caused which
Third variable problem - could have secret 3rd variable causing other 2

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10
Q

What is a quasi-experiment? When is it used?

A

Semi-experiment; used for subject variables (e.g. age, gender, race, etc)

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11
Q

Why can you not make causal claims with quasi-experiments?

A

Groups can not be randomly assigned

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12
Q

What is a field experiment? What type of validity does it have?

A

Experiments done outside of lab; higher internal validity than correlational but lower than lab experiments

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13
Q

What is a lab experiment? What type of validity does it have?

A

Random assignment to conditions ensures DV is result of IV; internal

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14
Q

What is self selection bias? How do you reduce it?

A

Subjects not representative of general pop because get to choose to participate in experiment; give vague info about experiment

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15
Q

What is self presentation bias? How do you reduce it?

A

Subjects present socially correct (not authentic) self; give anonymity, increase engagement and replicate experiments

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16
Q

What is experimental demand?

A

Participants behave in the way they think the experimenter wants

17
Q

What are important aspects of research ethics?

A

Informed consent and thorough debriefs (especially if cover story)

18
Q

What is the replication crisis? Why is it happening? What are solutions?

A

Failure to replicate findings; high pressure to publicize causes people not to check other experiment’s findings; preregistering and open materials/data