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2C03 - Social Psychology > Groups > Flashcards

Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What is group think?

A

excessive tendency to seek agreement among group members

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2
Q

What illusions are part of groupthink?

A

illusion of unanimity- think everyone has same opinion
illusion of invulnerability- think group must come to correct decision

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3
Q

How can groupthink be prevented?

A
  • Keep leader’s opinion secret
  • encourage objections
  • break large group into smaller groups then come back into large group
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4
Q

What is group polarization?

A

Majority opinion in group gets magnified

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5
Q

What is risky shift?

A

Originally thought groups make riskier decisions than individuals (replaced with group polarization)

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms behind group polarization?

A
  • Persuasive arguments theory: more arguments for majority opinion
  • increases group confidence in position
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7
Q

When will group polarization lead to good or bad decisions?

A
  • how qualified group members are
  • are members thinking critically about arguments
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8
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs it on difficult ones

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9
Q

What was the reeling experiment? What were the results?

A
  • got kids to reel in line alone or with other kids present
  • winner gets prize
  • faster if with other participants
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10
Q

What is Zajonc’s generalized drive hypothesis?

A

social facilitation because:
- yerkes-dodson law (simple/well-learned tasks need high arousal; difficult/new tasks need low arousal)
- mere presence of others increases dominant response

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11
Q

What was the cockroach experiment? What were the results?

A
  • cockroaches ran easy or hard maze
  • other cockroaches watching or not
  • social facilitation shown in cockroaches
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12
Q

What was the billiards experiment?

A
  • field experiment where they watched people play pool
  • crowded around player to see if performance changed
  • social facilitation
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13
Q

What is the evaluation apprehension hypothesis in social facilitation?

A

People evaluating you increases arousal and causes dominant response

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14
Q

What is social loafing?

A

reduction in individual task output when contributions are pooled

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15
Q

What were the 2 hypothesized mechanisms for loafing?

A
  1. coordination loss
  2. loss of motivation
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16
Q

What was the rope tugging experiment? What were the findings?

A
  • either pulling alone, in real group or group with confederates pretend pulling
  • confederate group: adding more confederates increases loafing (motivation loss)
  • real group: less pulling than confederate group (coordination loss)
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17
Q

Why do we loaf?

A

Diffusion of responsibility

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18
Q

What is the role of gender in loafing?

A

Men loaf more, unless only man in the group

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19
Q

When won’t we loaf?

A
  • friends with group members
  • task is important to us
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20
Q

What is social compensation?

A

Collectivists work harder in groups than alone

21
Q

What was the butter knife experiment? What were the results?

A
  • in individualist culture
  • confederate said they would try (or not)
  • confederate not trying: participant comes up with more than if alone
  • confederate trying: participant comes up with less than if alone
22
Q

What are groups vs collectives?

A

group - direct interactions, shared fate/identity/goals
collective - people engaging in same activity but not interacting

23
Q

What are roles? What are the two types?

A
  • set of expected behaviours
  • instrumental: help group achieve task
  • expressive: emotional support/boosting morale
24
Q

What are norms? What is loyal deviance?

A
  • rules of conduct
  • loyal deviance: defy norm because you think norm is bad for group
25
Q

What is cohesiveness? What is it’s relationship to performance?

A
  • extent that forces push group members together
  • more cohesive groups perform better (and visa versa)
26
Q

What is a tight culture? Is it normally individualist or collectivist?

A
  • do NOT tolerate norm violation
  • collectivist
27
Q

How is cohesiveness achieved in collectivist vs individualist cultures?

A

individualist - recognize everyones uniqueness
collectivist - social harmony and cooperation

28
Q

What is distractor conflict theory in social faciliation?

A

others distract us causing conflict for attention which increases arousal and dominant response

29
Q

What is collective effort model?

A

try hard on collective task if you think effort will help to achieve outcomes

30
Q

What is deindividuation? What are it’s 2 cues?

A
  • los of individuality and reduction in inhibition of deviant behaviour
  • accountability cue: cost-reward calculations (more people = less likely to be punished)
  • attentional cue: attention taken away from self (don’t think about own values)
31
Q

What are Zimbardo’s deindividuation elements?

A
  1. arousal
  2. anonymity
  3. less individual responsibility
32
Q

What is the social identity model of deindividuation?

A

shift from personal identity to social identity when in group

33
Q

What is process gain vs loss?

A
  • gain: group outperforms individual members
  • loss: reduction in group performance because of group process obstacles
34
Q

What is an additive task?

A
  • group product is sum of members contributions
  • more people, greater output
  • loss: loafing
35
Q

What is a conjunctive task?

A
  • group product determined by member with poorest performance
  • individuals better than group
36
Q

What is a disjunctive task?

A
  • group product determined by member with best performance
  • group better than individual
37
Q

Are groups or individuals better at brainstorming? Why?

A
  • individuals better
  • in groups: forget ideas while waiting to speak, loafing, evaluation apprehension, match performance level to other group members
38
Q

What is the compare and categorize theory for group polarization?

A

place self in same category as group and adopt their attitudes

39
Q

What factors increase groupthink?

A
  • highly cohesive groups (reject dissenters)
  • isolated group
  • decision making doesn’t have structure
  • stressful/urgent situations
40
Q

What is biased sampling?

A

group spends more time discussing commonly known info than info only a few people know

41
Q

What is transactive memory?

A

multiple people remembering different pieces of information

42
Q

What is the role of diversity in a group?

A
  • increases creativity
  • decreases positive group dynamics
43
Q

What is collective intelligence?

A

general ability of a group to perform well across tasks

44
Q

What is the social dilemma?

A

if everyone acts according to self-interest, everyone will have terrible outcome

45
Q

What is a resource dilemma? What are the 2 types?

A
  • how 2+ people will share limited resource
  • common dilemma: people take what they want and not enough for everyone
  • public good dilemma: everyone contributes resources to common pool
46
Q

What are the 3 types of social value orientations?

A
  1. cooperative - achieve equal outcomes
  2. individualist - maximize own gain
  3. competitive - maximize own gain relative to others
47
Q

What is fixed pie syndrome?

A

view that if one side wins, other loses (ends in 50/50 negotiation)

48
Q

What is integrative agreement?

A

negotiation where all parties have superior outcomes to 50/50 split

2C03 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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