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2C03 - Social Psychology > Conformity > Flashcards

Conformity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reward power?

A

Person/group rewards you (tangible and non-tangible) for conformity

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2
Q

What is coercive power?

A

Person/group punishes you (tangible and tangible) for not conforming

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3
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

Person/group has the right to tell you what to do (e.g. police)

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4
Q

What is referent power?

A

Respect, admire and want to be like person/group

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5
Q

What is expert power

A

Listen to someone because they know more than you in specific area

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6
Q

What is informational power?

A

Person/group has information you don’t have

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7
Q

What are normative influences in conformity?

A

Want to fit in, be liked and avoid punishment

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8
Q

What 2 types of conformity happen as result of normative influence

A
  1. compliance - publicly conform, privately don’t
  2. identification - conform to people in your group
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9
Q

How durable is normative conformity?

A

compliance - stop conforming when group leaves
identification - conform as long as you are in group

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10
Q

What is informational influence in conformity?

A

Want to make correct decision

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11
Q

What type of conformity happen as a result of informational influence?

A

Internalization - privately and publicly conform

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12
Q

How durable is informational conformity?

A

Very durable in situation it is specific to

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13
Q

Which conformity process is used in ambiguous (vs clear) situations?

A

informational is used in ambiguous situations

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14
Q

Which type of conformity explains pluralistic ignorance?

A

Informational

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15
Q

What was the results of the Princeton drinking study?

A
  • students overestimated average student’s drinking comfort level
  • everyone trying to conform to what they THOUGHT the average was
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16
Q

What are sherif’s auto-kinetic effect experimental method?

A
  • in dark room, give estimate how far stationary dot has moved
  • either alone in first or last trial
  • control was told about effect
  • completed same experiment but alone a year later
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17
Q

What were the findings of the auto-kinetic experiment?

A
  • starting alone: final group guess is average of individual members’ guesses
  • ending alone: final individual guess is what group’s guess was
  • year follow-up: use group estimate
  • control: did NOT conform to group guess
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18
Q

What was the mechanism behind the auto-kinetic experiment?

A

informational influence in ambiguous situation (NOT normative because control didn’t conform)

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19
Q

What is Asch’s line experiment method?

A
  • participants match lines of same length
  • group of confederates either say right or wrong (but uniform) answer
  • look at number of participants conforming to obviously wrong answer
  • control: did experiment alone
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20
Q

What was the findings of Asch’s line experiment?

A
  • control had high accuracy
  • the more confederates added, more likely to conform (first 3 have largest influence; up to 7 people)
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21
Q

Mechanism behind the line experiment?

A

In unambiguous situation, conform mostly because of normative pressures

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22
Q

What was the result of the answering privately variation of the line experiment?`

A

Large reduction in conformity

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23
Q

What was the finding of the ostracism experiment?

A

confederate giving dissenting opinion was almost always voted out first

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24
Q

How can conformity be reduced

A

Have a lone dissenter (devil’s advocate)

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25
Q

What was the result of the line experiment variation where a confederate gives different incorrect answer than group?

A

Reduction in conformity

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26
Q

Problems conformity leads to?

A

bystander effect, peer pressure and genocide

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27
Q

What is obedience?

A

behavioural change because of authority’s demands

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28
Q

Why did Milgrim do his learner shock experiment?

A
  • wanted to give Asch’s findings real world application
  • wanted to understand why people are bad (post WW2)
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29
Q

What was the learner’s schedule of protests?

A

75V - first pain response
150V - heart is acting up and need out (point of no return)
345V - silence and failure to answer questions

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30
Q

What was the experimenter’s schedule of prods

A
  1. please continue
  2. experiment requires you to continue
  3. it is essential you continue
  4. you have no choice and must go on
31
Q

What was Milgrim’s operational definition of obedience?

A

hit 450V multiple times and have experimenter end experiment

32
Q

What was the results of the learner shock experiment?

A
  • everyone obeyed up to 105V
  • 2/3 obeyed to very end
33
Q

Why did people obey in Milgrim’s experiment?

A
  1. Slippery slope hypothesis - each decision you make is small so can’t figure out when to stop
  2. Strong social situation - unambiguous situation with behavioural expectations and clear punishments
34
Q

What was the results of the proximity to victim variation of learner shock experiment?

A

Physically closer to victim decreases obedience

35
Q

What was the result of proximity to experimenter variation of learner shock experiment?

A

If experimenter is farther away, obedience decreases

36
Q

What was the result of learner telling you to continue?

A

Listen to experimenter telling you to stop; learner doesn’t have authority

37
Q

What was the result of random man giving instructions?

A

Low obedience because he doesn’t have authority

38
Q

What was the result of having 2 other teachers who quit experiment?

A

Low obedience

39
Q

What was the mechanism behind low obedience when other teachers quit?

A
  • informational influence: ambiguous situation so look to others to figure out what to do
  • normative influence: other teachers had no punishments when leaving and don’t wanna look like asshole
  • diffusion of responsibility: personal responsibility increases as you takeover tasks
  • experimenter loses powers and other teachers gain it (coercive, expert and legitimate)
40
Q

What was the result of having a second teacher administer the shocks?

A

Obedience increases

41
Q

What is the mechanism behind increased obedience when not giving shocks?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • pluralistic ignorance: other teacher looks calm
  • peer’s obedience enhances experimenter’s expert and legitimate power
42
Q

Hypothesises for learner shock experiment that are NOT scientifically supported

A
  • legitimacy of experiment matters (same results at run down stripmall)
  • fairness of experiment (same results if experimenter agreed to let confederate out if heart bothered him and didn’t)
  • Aggression (people gave low shocks if allowed to choose shock level)
43
Q

How can we ethically run Milgrim’s learner shock experiment now?

A

Use point of no return 150V

44
Q

What is persuasion?

A

Trying to change person’s behaviour (NOT attitudes)

45
Q

What is a consistency based technique?

A

normative pressure to be consistent encourages compliance

46
Q

What is the lowball technique? Why does it work?

A
  • get target to agree to deal then increase terms of the deal
  • want to appear consistent/committed to the person (must be same person making both requests)
  • offers need to be made back to back
  • once you make decision, think of all the positives of it
47
Q

What is the foot in the door technique? Why does it work?

A
  • get target to agree to smaller task, then ask for larger task
  • self perception theory: behaviour tells us we care about task and want to be consistent with attitude (need to follow through on first task)
48
Q

What was the point of the 7am experiment?

A

demonstrate the lowball technique

49
Q

What was the method behind the household product experiment?

A
  • performance condition: asked 8 item questionaire
  • agree only condition: will get second call if we need you
  • familiarity only condition: researcher introducing self
  • control: only asked to participate in large request
50
Q

What was the result of the household product experiment using different requesters and issues?

A
  • requesters can be different
  • issues do NOT need to be the same (but should be same vein)
51
Q

Does number of small tasks completed increase agreence to larger task?

A

yes (recycling experiment)

52
Q

What is the “but you are free” technique?

A
  • increases FITD effectiveness
  • impression they made own choice
  • giving them an out seen as a favour they should reciprocate
53
Q

What is the reciprocation rule?

A

feel deep need/social obligation to reciprocate favours

54
Q

What was the findings in the confederate coke experiment?

A

buy many more raffle tickets if given coke

55
Q

What is the door in the face/rejection then retreat technique? How does it work?

A
  • ask for large favour, get rejected, immediately ask for smaller favour
  • feel need to agree to smaller request because rejected the first one
  • second request seems small compared to first one
56
Q

When do we publicly conform?

A

Normative influence in clear situation

57
Q

When do we privately conform?

A

Informational influence in ambiguous situation

58
Q

Is 2 groups of 2 or 1 group of 4 more persuasive?

A

2 group of 2 (more independent minds)

59
Q

What is social mobilization?

A

marshalling large group to sacrifice time/effort/money to achieve social goal

60
Q

Do we conform more on unfamiliar issues or familiar issues?

A

Unfamiliar issues

61
Q

When we think we’re being observed, which gender conforms more?

A

women, men conform less

62
Q

What is minority influence?

A

Dissenters create group change

63
Q

What is minority slowness effect

A

Takes more time to give minority opinion

64
Q

What is Moscovici’s theory on minority vs majority influence?

A
  • majority influence because of numbers
  • minority influence because of behaviour style
  • must be persistent and unwavering in opinion
65
Q

What is Hollender’s theory on acceptance of dissenters? What are idiosyncrasy credits?

A
  • must be group member to give dissenting opinion that is taken seriously
  • get competent insider status by following group norms
66
Q

Which questions does minority vs majority have more influence on?

A
  • minority: attitude questions
  • majority: correctness questions
67
Q

What are the 3 factors distinguishing individualist and collectivist cultures?

A

individualists are: more industrially complex, richer and more diverse

68
Q

What is compliance? Is it more likely with typical requests?

A
  • behaviour change after direct requests
  • more likely with atypical request
69
Q

What are creditors?

A

People who use reciprocity to elicit compliance

70
Q

What is the that’s not all technique? Why does it work?

A
  • begin with inflated request then decrease it with discounts/bonuses
  • think we are getting better deal
71
Q

What is the continuum of social influence?

A

ranges from obedience to defiance

72
Q

What is social impact theory?

A

Social influence is dependent on:
- strength (status, ability or target relationship)
- immediacy (physical proximity to target)
- ratio of source people: target people

73
Q

Is the worldwide trend for conformity increasing or decreasing?

A

Decreasing

2C03 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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