Intergroup Relations

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

unfair generalizations about a group (cognitive)

Question 2

What is discrimination?

Answer 2

biased actions towards a group (behaviour)

Question 3

What is prejudice?

Answer 3

biased emotional responses to a group (emotion)

Question 4

What are group processes perspective on prejudice?

Answer 4

Prejudice arising from real or imagined competitions/inequalities between group

Question 5

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 5

groups get along (or not) depending on if group interests are compatible or competitive

Question 6

What is negative vs positive interdependence?

Answer 6

negative - both groups want one limited resource
positive - superordinate goals that need both groups to work together to achieve

Question 7

What were the stages and findings of the cave field experiment?

Answer 7

1. no contact
2. discover other group
3. competitions between groups for prizes (negative interdependence)
4. create superordinate goal (positive interdependence)

• needed positive interdependence to reduce conflict (NOT just mere contact)

Question 8

What is racism as a zero sum game experiment result?

Answer 8

if one group is doing well other must be doing poorly; as anti-black bias decreases, white people see anti-white bias increasing

Question 9

What is social identity theory?

Answer 9

Automatically sort people into in-group or out-group

Question 10

What is positive distinctiveness?

Answer 10

When in-group is “on top” we feel good (social identity important for SE)

Question 11

What is avoiding negative distinctiveness?

Answer 11

When in-group is NOT “on top” discriminate against out-groups to increase standing

Question 12

What are minimal-groups paradigm experiments?

Answer 12

Participants are put in group based on insignificant trait (no pre-existing tensions)

Question 13

What are the findings of the minimal-groups paradigm experiments?

Answer 13

• prioritize being far better than other group over highest outcome for own group
• people who decide that group gets higher gains than other group had high SE

Question 14

What is the solution to decreasing discrimination according to social identity theory?

Answer 14

pretend everyone is in your in-group

Question 15

What are cognitive processes perspective on prejudice?

Answer 15

prejudice arises from cognitive processes that lead us to stereotype out-groups

Question 16

What is a spreading activation network?

Answer 16

• stereotypes develop due to practiced relationships between concepts in long term memory
• automatically associating things saves mental energy
• different levels of activation depending on how strong correlation is

Question 17

What is shared distinctiveness (illusory correlation)?

Answer 17

stereotypes develop when 2 noticeable/odd events co-occur and we assume they will always co-occur

Question 18

What is out-group homogeneity and in-group heterogeneity?

Answer 18

See out-group members as all the same and in-group members as diverse and unique
(reinforces stereotypes)

Question 19

What is encoding bias in stereotypes?

Answer 19

Preferentially notice and remember info that confirms stereotype

Question 20

What is retrieval bias in stereotypes?

Answer 20

learn info about person before learning group membership; more likely to recall info consistent with group stereotypes

Question 21

What is subtyping?

Answer 21

stereotype breaker is just exception to the rule; maintains stereotypes

Question 22

What is subgrouping?

Answer 22

see smaller groups within larger group; breaks stereotypes

Question 23

Why is it hard to break stereotypes?

Answer 23

Need to go through stereotype in long-term memory to figure out which info is inconsistent with stereotypes and pay attention to it

Question 24

What was the findings of the learning about people experiment?

Answer 24

unprejudiced people want to learn about stereotype disconfirming; prejudiced people want to learn about stereotype confirming