Research Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the elements of the PICO system for asking focused clinical questions in EBP?

A

Patient or Problem-what is the target for the question?
Intervention-what intervention is being evaluated?
Comparison-what is it being compared to?
Outcome-was the intervention successful?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Descriptive Research?

What are some examples?

A

recording, analyzing, and interpreting conditions that exist for the purpose of classification and understanding clinical phenomenon

developmental research, normative research, qualitative research, and case report/series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Experimental Research?

What are some examples?

A

Comparing two or more conditions for the purpose of determining cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables

randomized control trials, quasi-experimental studies and single subject design studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Exploratory Research?

What are some examples?

A

examines the dimensions of a phenomenon of interest and its relationships to other factors

cohort studies, case control studies, historical research, and methodological studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Continuous Data?

What are some examples?

A

data that can assume any value along a continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps or interruptions

values are limited by the degree of accuracy of the measuring instrument

Examples: ROM in degrees, distance, weight, and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Discrete Data?

What are some examples?

A

Data this is measured in whole units

Examples: heart rate, number of patients diagnosed with cancer, and number of PT visits a patient has attended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Dichotomous Data?

What are some examples?

A

Discrete data limited to only two values

Examples: Gender (male or female) and smoking status (yes or no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Qualitative Data?

What are some examples?

A

categorical data

represents different categories distinguished by a non-numeric characteristic

Examples: eye color, blood type, and hand dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Quantitative Data?

What are some examples?

A

data consisting of numbers that represent counts or measurements

A measurement is the numeral assigned to an object, event or person, or the category to which an object, event of person is assigned according to rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a box and whisker plot?

A

type of graph that illustrates the distribution of values with a group through five numbers (minimum score, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum score)

outliers are shown as circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What graph is usually only used in meta analyses?

A

Forest plot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of causes, distribution, transmission, and control of disease in groups of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

incidence-number of new cases of a particular disease or condition in the population at risk during a specific time interval

Prevalence-number of existing cases of a disease at a point in time including new and pre-existing cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Relative Risk (RR)?

A

a measure of the risk of a certain even happening in one group compared to the risk of the same event happening in another group

A RR of 1.0 means there is an equal chance in both groups, greater than 1.0 means there is a greater risk and less than 1.0 means less risk

also known as risk ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an Odds Ratio (OR)?

A

measure of the odds of an event happening in one group compared to the odds of the same event happening in another group

mostly used in case control studies to find out if being exposed to a substance or other risk facto increases the risk of developing a certain disease

OR of 1.0 means that exposure probably does not increase the risk of developing the disease

OR of more than 1.0 means exposure leads to higher risk and less than 1.0 means exposure leads to less risk or reduces the risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

`What is Number Needed to Treat (NNT)?

A

number of patients that need to be treated to prevent one bad outcome or result in one additional good outcome

ideal NNT is 1, the higher the NNT the less effective the treatment