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All Access Flashcards > Research and Statistics > Flashcards

Research and Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

steps of research continuum

A
  1. identify a relevant topic
  2. develop a research question
  3. develop a hypothesis
  4. prepare research protocol/methodology
  5. organize methods and materials
  6. collect and analyze data
  7. study results/make decisions/draw conclusions
  8. study design and checklist
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2
Q

types of hypotheses

A

null: no relationship exists
alternative: some relationship exists

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3
Q

types of research

A

descriptive: can only determine association
analytical
- experimental: can determine c + e
- observational: can only determine association

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4
Q

describe qualitative research

A

collects qualitative information
concerned with particular interests rather than measuring numbers

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5
Q

describe case report/case study

A

observing a pt with a particular condition to further understand the mechanism of this conditions

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6
Q

describe correlation/ecological study

A

to determine if there is a relationship between naturally occurring variables
and if there is, what is it?

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7
Q

experimental vs. control group

A

experimental: receives treatment
control: does not receive treatment

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8
Q

parallel design experiment

A

participant A and B either get the treatment or the control

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9
Q

crossover design experiment

A

participant A will get both control and treatment at some point

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10
Q

2 period crossover design experiment

A

participant A will get both control and treatment with a washout period in between

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11
Q

quasi experimental

A

measures something before and measures the same thing after to compare the results of a change

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12
Q

cohort study

A

prospective: follows a group of healthy people to determine who develops the dx and information based on that
retrospective: looks back on a group with a dx to determine information

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13
Q

case control study

A

comparing a group of pts with a dx to a group of pt without the dx to determine risk factors and information (does not look at mechanism of development)

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14
Q

nominal variable

A

variables that fit into categories without order (gender, race, marital status)

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15
Q

rank order/ordinal variables

A

variables that fit into categories with order (stage 1, 2, or 3 of cancer)

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16
Q

numerical discrete

A

numbers that take on countable and distinct values (number siblings, age)

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17
Q

numerical continuous

A

numbers that take on decimals points without a distinct value (height, weight)

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18
Q

validity

A

can the test measure what it intends to measure

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19
Q

internal validity

A

is the difference between the two groups real?

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20
Q

external validity

A

can the difference between the groups be extended to a larger population

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21
Q

reliability

A

are your results reproducible?

22
Q

sensitivity

A

sensiTivity
identifies those who are True, with the disease

23
Q

specificity

A

speciFicity
identifies those who are False, without the disease

24
Q

inferential statistics

A

makes inferences or conclusions from observed data
(probability, hypothesis testing, variance)

25
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summarizes and describes small amounts of numerical information
(mean, median, mode; range; standard deviation)

26
Q

standard deviation

A

indicates the dispersion of data about the mean or average

tells you how spread out the numbers are from the average

27
Q

__% of observations lie within +/- 1 SD

A

68

28
Q

__% of observations lie outside +/- 1 SD

A

32

29
Q

__% of observations lie within +/- 2 SD

A

95

30
Q

range is ___

A

+/- 1 standard deviation

31
Q

positive correlation means that

A

as A increases, B increases
OR
as A decreases, B decreases

32
Q

negative correlation means that

A

as A increases, B decreases
OR
as A decreases, B increases

33
Q

r-values that indicate relationships

A

<0.4 weak
0.4-0.7: moderate
>0.7: strong

34
Q

a negative r value indicates

A

a negative correlation

35
Q

a positive r value indicates

A

a positive correlation

36
Q

p-values that determine statistical significance

A

p<0.05 - significant difference
p<0.01 or <0.001 - very strong significant difference
p>0.05 no significant difference

37
Q

prevalence

A

the number of existing cases over a period of time

38
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases over a period of time

39
Q

accuracy

A

the degree to getting the correct answer

40
Q

precision

A

the degree to getting the same answer over and over

41
Q

observer effect

A

the researcher’s or interviewer’s body language or intonation affects the way the participant responds

42
Q

social desirability bias

A

the participant responds in a way that they think they should

43
Q

selection bias

A

the people you decide to include in your study are not representative of the population you are aiming to study

44
Q

sampling error

A

occurs at the stage of analysis
when the data points used in the analysis do not represent the entire population of data

45
Q

reporting bias

A

when the direction or statistical significant of results influences whether or how the research is reported

46
Q

publication bias

A

when papers finding a null result are not selected, published, or reviewed

47
Q

measurement error

A

the different between a measured quantity and the true value

48
Q

misclassification error

A

a type of measurement error that applies to variables that are categorical or binary

49
Q

non-response bias

A

with low response on a survey, you may not be capturing all the data

50
Q

health volunteer basis

A

people who volunteer for research trials or respond to surveys may not be representative of the population (i.e. healthier, higher socioeconomic status)

51
Q

EAL bases their grading on

A

quality of study - scientific rigor and validity, design and execution

quantity of studies and subjects - number of studies, number of subjects in studies

consistency of findings across studies - magnitude of effect

clinical impacts - importance of studied outcomes

generalizability of findings - to the population of interest

All Access Flashcards (15 decks)

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