Research and Statistics

Question 1

steps of research continuum

Answer 1

1. identify a relevant topic
2. develop a research question
3. develop a hypothesis
4. prepare research protocol/methodology
5. organize methods and materials
6. collect and analyze data
7. study results/make decisions/draw conclusions
8. study design and checklist

Question 2

types of hypotheses

Answer 2

null: no relationship exists
alternative: some relationship exists

Question 3

types of research

Answer 3

descriptive: can only determine association
analytical
- experimental: can determine c + e
- observational: can only determine association

Question 4

describe qualitative research

Answer 4

collects qualitative information
concerned with particular interests rather than measuring numbers

Question 5

describe case report/case study

Answer 5

observing a pt with a particular condition to further understand the mechanism of this conditions

Question 6

describe correlation/ecological study

Answer 6

to determine if there is a relationship between naturally occurring variables
and if there is, what is it?

Question 7

experimental vs. control group

Answer 7

experimental: receives treatment
control: does not receive treatment

Question 8

parallel design experiment

Answer 8

participant A and B either get the treatment or the control

Question 9

crossover design experiment

Answer 9

participant A will get both control and treatment at some point

Question 10

2 period crossover design experiment

Answer 10

participant A will get both control and treatment with a washout period in between

Question 11

quasi experimental

Answer 11

measures something before and measures the same thing after to compare the results of a change

Question 12

cohort study

Answer 12

prospective: follows a group of healthy people to determine who develops the dx and information based on that
retrospective: looks back on a group with a dx to determine information

Question 13

case control study

Answer 13

comparing a group of pts with a dx to a group of pt without the dx to determine risk factors and information (does not look at mechanism of development)

Question 14

nominal variable

Answer 14

variables that fit into categories without order (gender, race, marital status)

Question 15

rank order/ordinal variables

Answer 15

variables that fit into categories with order (stage 1, 2, or 3 of cancer)

Question 16

numerical discrete

Answer 16

numbers that take on countable and distinct values (number siblings, age)

Question 17

numerical continuous

Answer 17

numbers that take on decimals points without a distinct value (height, weight)

Question 18

validity

Answer 18

can the test measure what it intends to measure

Question 19

internal validity

Answer 19

is the difference between the two groups real?

Question 20

external validity

Answer 20

can the difference between the groups be extended to a larger population

Question 21

reliability

Answer 21

are your results reproducible?

Question 22

sensitivity

Answer 22

sensiTivity
identifies those who are True, with the disease

Question 23

specificity

Answer 23

speciFicity
identifies those who are False, without the disease

Question 24

inferential statistics

Answer 24

makes inferences or conclusions from observed data
(probability, hypothesis testing, variance)

Question 25

descriptive statistics

Answer 25

summarizes and describes small amounts of numerical information (mean, median, mode; range; standard deviation)

Question 26

standard deviation

Answer 26

indicates the dispersion of data about the mean or average tells you how spread out the numbers are from the average

Question 27

__% of observations lie within +/- 1 SD

Answer 27

68

Question 28

__% of observations lie outside +/- 1 SD

Answer 28

32

Question 29

__% of observations lie within +/- 2 SD

Answer 29

95

Question 30

range is ___

Answer 30

+/- 1 standard deviation

Question 31

positive correlation means that

Answer 31

as A increases, B increases OR as A decreases, B decreases

Question 32

negative correlation means that

Answer 32

as A increases, B decreases OR as A decreases, B increases

Question 33

r-values that indicate relationships

Answer 33

<0.4 weak 0.4-0.7: moderate >0.7: strong

Question 34

a negative r value indicates

Answer 34

a negative correlation

Question 35

a positive r value indicates

Answer 35

a positive correlation

Question 36

p-values that determine statistical significance

Answer 36

p<0.05 - significant difference p<0.01 or <0.001 - very strong significant difference p>0.05 no significant difference

Question 37

prevalence

Answer 37

the number of existing cases over a period of time

Question 38

incidence

Answer 38

the number of new cases over a period of time

Question 39

accuracy

Answer 39

the degree to getting the correct answer

Question 40

precision

Answer 40

the degree to getting the same answer over and over

Question 41

observer effect

Answer 41

the researcher's or interviewer's body language or intonation affects the way the participant responds

Question 42

social desirability bias

Answer 42

the participant responds in a way that they think they should

Question 43

selection bias

Answer 43

the people you decide to include in your study are not representative of the population you are aiming to study

Question 44

sampling error

Answer 44

occurs at the stage of analysis when the data points used in the analysis do not represent the entire population of data

Question 45

reporting bias

Answer 45

when the direction or statistical significant of results influences whether or how the research is reported

Question 46

publication bias

Answer 46

when papers finding a null result are not selected, published, or reviewed

Question 47

measurement error

Answer 47

the different between a measured quantity and the true value

Question 48

misclassification error

Answer 48

a type of measurement error that applies to variables that are categorical or binary

Question 49

non-response bias

Answer 49

with low response on a survey, you may not be capturing all the data

Question 50

health volunteer basis

Answer 50

people who volunteer for research trials or respond to surveys may not be representative of the population (i.e. healthier, higher socioeconomic status)

Question 51

EAL bases their grading on

Answer 51

quality of study - scientific rigor and validity, design and execution quantity of studies and subjects - number of studies, number of subjects in studies consistency of findings across studies - magnitude of effect clinical impacts - importance of studied outcomes generalizability of findings - to the population of interest