Life Cycle Nutrition Flashcards
factors that can cause a high risk pregnancy
adolescent
>35 years
multiple gestation
chronic diseases
malnutrition
overweight
ETOH/drug abuse
previous pre-eclampisa/eclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, little time b/w pregnancies
harmful activities and lifestyle choices can put the mother and/or baby at risk for
low birth weight
preterm labor
pregnancy loss
complications at birth
weight gain guidelines for BMI classifications during pregnancy
normal (18.5-24.9): 25-35#
underweight (<18.5): 28-40#
overweight (25-29.9): 15-25#
obese (>30): 11-20#
general weight gain recommendation based on trimesters
2-5lbs during the first trimester
then 1lb per week for the remaining weeks
weeks for each trimester
first: 1-12 weeks
second: 13-27 weeks
third: 28-40 weeks
calories needed during pregnancy
first trimester: +0 kcals
second trimester: +340 kcals
third trimester: +452 kcals
protein needed during pregnancy
+25 g/day
RDA: 70-75 g/day total
vitamins and minerals needed during pregnancy
folate: 600 mcg (400 suppl, 200 food)
iron: 30 mcg (during 2nd and 3rd trimesters)
DHA: 300 mg
other important nutrients: iodine, choline, vit D, calcium, zinc
avoid during pregnancy
alcohol
deli meat/soft cheeses
excess vit A suppl (5000 IU)
high mercury fish
which fish are high in mercury
MOSSK
Marlin
Orange roughly
Shark
Swordfish
King mackerel
hormones that contribute to breastmilk
prolactin: produces breastmilk
oxytocin: let down reflex; milk ejection
how to increase milk production
frequent breastfeeding or milk removal
nursing often and for as long as the baby likes
consuming Galactogogues
ensure good latch with baby
breastfeeding recommendation
exclusively breastfeed baby for first 6 months, then supplement weaning foods with breastfeeding until 12 months
composition of colostrum
first milk
high in protein
low in fat and carbs
filled with antibodies
high in carotenoids (gives yellow/orange color)
composition of breastmilk
compared to cow’s milk
high in fat + lactose
lower in protein
higher in lactalbumin
*becomes higher in fat the longer the mother breastfeeds
calorie needs for lactating mothers
first six months: +330 kcals
six to twelve months: +400 kcals
protein needs for lactating mothers
+25 g/day
~70-75 g/day
*same as pregnancy
vitamins and minerals for lactating mothers
calcium
zinc
iron
B12
*continue taking prenatal vitamin through breastfeeding
how do you know if your baby is eating enough?
at least 3 soiled diapers per day
at least 6-8 wet diapers per day
gaining weight along curve
feeding 8-12x/day
infant formula compared to breastmilk
20 kcal/oz - babies need ~2.5 oz/lb/day
high in protein and iron
contains vitamin D - if infant drinks 1 quart, they will meet needs
hyperbilirubinemia
unconjugated bilirubin levels elevated in the first week of life as a result of increased breakdown of RBC or decreased intestinal motility
encourage 9-12 feedings per day of human milk or formula to promote hydration and intestinal motility
for lactose intolerance you should avoid __ and __ are ok
avoid: whey and sodium casinate
OK: caesin hydrolystate, corn oil, soy protein, corn syrup solids
for a cow’s milk allergy, use __
hydrolyzed caesin formula
don’t immediately go to soy as this can increase the risk for osteopenia
birth weights
normal wt
low birth wt
very low birth wt
extremely low birth wt
normal: 2500-4000g
low birth: <2500g
very low birth: <1500g
extremely low birth: <1000g
percentile of SGA, AGA, LGA
SAG: <10th percentile
AGA: 10-90th percentile
LGA: >90th percentile
weight gain from birth to two years
initially will lose 6% of BW - should gain it back within 6-10 days
6 months: birth weight x2
1 year: birth weight x3, length x2
2 year: birth weight x4, length 1.75x
corrected age for preemies
chronological age in weeks - # of weeks born early = corrected age
infant calorie needs
0-6 months: 108 kcal/kg
7-12 months: 98 kcal/kg
1-3 years: 102 kcal/kg
infant protein needs
0-6 months: 9.1 g/day
7-12 months: 11 g/day
1-3 years: 13 g/day
vitamins and minerals for infants (iron)
supplement iron after 4-6 months
RDA 0-6 months: 0.27 mg/day
RDA 7-12 months: 11 mg/day
vitamins and minerals for infants (vitamin D)
breastmilk is low in vit D
supplement 400 IUs per day through dropper
vitamins and minerals for infants (fluoride)
0.25 mg/day if water is not sufficient
fat needs for infants
> 30 grams of fat - essential for energy, brain growth, fat-soluble vitamins, organ structure, and hormone production
vegan infants…
supplement B12
what does weight for age show us
does not differentiate between stunting and wasting or over/underweight
normal: 5-95%
if baby is above or below percentiles, further evaluation is needed
what does weight for ht show us
helps to determine under/overnutrition
can determine short-term nutritional status
0-2 years: length
2-5 years: height
<5th%: undernutrition/wasting
>95th%: overnutrition
what does height for age show us
to determine if status is short or tall
can identify long-term nutritional status
<5th%: stunting/short stature
what does BMI for age show us
used for 2-20 to identify BMI
<5th%: undernutrition
5-84th%: normal
85-94th%: overweight
>95th%: obese
what growth chart do you use?
0-2 use WHO
2-20 use CDC
use head circumference until
age of 3 - this is when the brain stops growing
3 milestones to determine infant can begin feeding
baby can sit with little to no support
baby brings things to food and mouth
baby’s extrusion reflex is diminishing
typically around 6 months
do’s of infant feeding
start with iron-fortified cereals and then introduced pureed f+v
between 6-8 months foods that can be picked up with a palmar grip
between 9-19 months foods that can be picked up with a pincer grasp
focus on variety - color, texture, kinds
don’t’s of infant feeding
avoid choking hazards - nuts, popcorn, whole grapes
do not feed honey
do not feed cow’s milk or unpasteurized dairy products - can feed pasteurized dairy products that aren’t milk
fruit juices and sugary drinks should not be given
signs and symptoms of lead poisoning
constipation
anemia
lethargy
vomiting
child/adolescent nutrition
- no cow’s milk until >1 year - should only be full fat
- after 2 years - can do reduced fat milk if desired
- iron are equal for males and females until menstruation age
- calcium is important for development of bone density (1300 mg for 9-19)
- limit fruit juice to 4 oz until 6
- > 60 min of exercise per day
teenager nutrition
- many deficiencies can occur - nutrition is very important
- final growth spurt
- prioritize iron, calcium, vitamin D, folate, and protein
- protein needs (14-18): males - 52, females - 46
- > 60 min of exercise per day
adult nutrition calories
45-65% CHO
10-35% PRO
20-35% fat
25-30 kcal/kg
adult nutrition protein
~0.8 g/kg per day
males: 56 g
females: 46 g
adult nutrition fiber
< 50
- males: 38
- females: 35
>50
- males: 30
- females: 21
adult nutrition fluid
1 ml/kcal or 30-35 ml/kg
males: 3.7L/day
females: 2.7 L/day
adult exercise guidelines
150 mins of moderate or 75 mins of vigorous aerobic exercise
2 moderate to vigorous strengths per week
adult nutrition sodium
1.5g/day
older adult nutrition calories and protein
decreased calories needs (decreased BMR)
increased protein needs ~1.0 g/kg
older adult nutrition fluid
25-30 ml/kg
helps constipation that may occur due to decreased gastric motility and decreased HCl secretions
older adult nutrition vitamins and minerals
- B12 increases 2/2 decreased production of HCl and intrinsic factor
- calcium and vit D increase 2/2 sarcopenia and risk of osteoporosis
- B6 and folate 2/2 atrophic gastritis
- C, E, beta-carotene delay cataract development
- more vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity
