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All Access Flashcards > Life Cycle Nutrition > Flashcards

Life Cycle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

factors that can cause a high risk pregnancy

A

adolescent
>35 years
multiple gestation
chronic diseases
malnutrition
overweight
ETOH/drug abuse
previous pre-eclampisa/eclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, little time b/w pregnancies

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2
Q

harmful activities and lifestyle choices can put the mother and/or baby at risk for

A

low birth weight
preterm labor
pregnancy loss
complications at birth

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3
Q

weight gain guidelines for BMI classifications during pregnancy

A

normal (18.5-24.9): 25-35#
underweight (<18.5): 28-40#
overweight (25-29.9): 15-25#
obese (>30): 11-20#

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4
Q

general weight gain recommendation based on trimesters

A

2-5lbs during the first trimester
then 1lb per week for the remaining weeks

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5
Q

weeks for each trimester

A

first: 1-12 weeks
second: 13-27 weeks
third: 28-40 weeks

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6
Q

calories needed during pregnancy

A

first trimester: +0 kcals
second trimester: +340 kcals
third trimester: +452 kcals

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7
Q

protein needed during pregnancy

A

+25 g/day
RDA: 70-75 g/day total

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8
Q

vitamins and minerals needed during pregnancy

A

folate: 600 mcg (400 suppl, 200 food)
iron: 30 mcg (during 2nd and 3rd trimesters)
DHA: 300 mg
other important nutrients: iodine, choline, vit D, calcium, zinc

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9
Q

avoid during pregnancy

A

alcohol
deli meat/soft cheeses
excess vit A suppl (5000 IU)
high mercury fish

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10
Q

which fish are high in mercury

A

MOSSK
Marlin
Orange roughly
Shark
Swordfish
King mackerel

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11
Q

hormones that contribute to breastmilk

A

prolactin: produces breastmilk
oxytocin: let down reflex; milk ejection

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12
Q

how to increase milk production

A

frequent breastfeeding or milk removal
nursing often and for as long as the baby likes
consuming Galactogogues
ensure good latch with baby

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13
Q

breastfeeding recommendation

A

exclusively breastfeed baby for first 6 months, then supplement weaning foods with breastfeeding until 12 months

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14
Q

composition of colostrum

A

first milk
high in protein
low in fat and carbs
filled with antibodies
high in carotenoids (gives yellow/orange color)

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15
Q

composition of breastmilk

A

compared to cow’s milk
high in fat + lactose
lower in protein
higher in lactalbumin
*becomes higher in fat the longer the mother breastfeeds

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16
Q

calorie needs for lactating mothers

A

first six months: +330 kcals
six to twelve months: +400 kcals

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17
Q

protein needs for lactating mothers

A

+25 g/day
~70-75 g/day
*same as pregnancy

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18
Q

vitamins and minerals for lactating mothers

A

calcium
zinc
iron
B12
*continue taking prenatal vitamin through breastfeeding

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19
Q

how do you know if your baby is eating enough?

A

at least 3 soiled diapers per day
at least 6-8 wet diapers per day
gaining weight along curve
feeding 8-12x/day

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20
Q

infant formula compared to breastmilk

A

20 kcal/oz - babies need ~2.5 oz/lb/day
high in protein and iron
contains vitamin D - if infant drinks 1 quart, they will meet needs

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21
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

unconjugated bilirubin levels elevated in the first week of life as a result of increased breakdown of RBC or decreased intestinal motility
encourage 9-12 feedings per day of human milk or formula to promote hydration and intestinal motility

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22
Q

for lactose intolerance you should avoid __ and __ are ok

A

avoid: whey and sodium casinate
OK: caesin hydrolystate, corn oil, soy protein, corn syrup solids

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23
Q

for a cow’s milk allergy, use __

A

hydrolyzed caesin formula
don’t immediately go to soy as this can increase the risk for osteopenia

24
Q

birth weights
normal wt
low birth wt
very low birth wt
extremely low birth wt

A

normal: 2500-4000g
low birth: <2500g
very low birth: <1500g
extremely low birth: <1000g

25
Q

percentile of SGA, AGA, LGA

A

SAG: <10th percentile
AGA: 10-90th percentile
LGA: >90th percentile

26
Q

weight gain from birth to two years

A

initially will lose 6% of BW - should gain it back within 6-10 days

6 months: birth weight x2
1 year: birth weight x3, length x2
2 year: birth weight x4, length 1.75x

27
Q

corrected age for preemies

A

chronological age in weeks - # of weeks born early = corrected age

28
Q

infant calorie needs

A

0-6 months: 108 kcal/kg
7-12 months: 98 kcal/kg
1-3 years: 102 kcal/kg

29
Q

infant protein needs

A

0-6 months: 9.1 g/day
7-12 months: 11 g/day
1-3 years: 13 g/day

30
Q

vitamins and minerals for infants (iron)

A

supplement iron after 4-6 months
RDA 0-6 months: 0.27 mg/day
RDA 7-12 months: 11 mg/day

31
Q

vitamins and minerals for infants (vitamin D)

A

breastmilk is low in vit D
supplement 400 IUs per day through dropper

32
Q

vitamins and minerals for infants (fluoride)

A

0.25 mg/day if water is not sufficient

33
Q

fat needs for infants

A

> 30 grams of fat - essential for energy, brain growth, fat-soluble vitamins, organ structure, and hormone production

34
Q

vegan infants…

A

supplement B12

35
Q

what does weight for age show us

A

does not differentiate between stunting and wasting or over/underweight

normal: 5-95%
if baby is above or below percentiles, further evaluation is needed

36
Q

what does weight for ht show us

A

helps to determine under/overnutrition
can determine short-term nutritional status
0-2 years: length
2-5 years: height

<5th%: undernutrition/wasting
>95th%: overnutrition

37
Q

what does height for age show us

A

to determine if status is short or tall
can identify long-term nutritional status

<5th%: stunting/short stature

38
Q

what does BMI for age show us

A

used for 2-20 to identify BMI

<5th%: undernutrition
5-84th%: normal
85-94th%: overweight
>95th%: obese

39
Q

what growth chart do you use?

A

0-2 use WHO
2-20 use CDC

40
Q

use head circumference until

A

age of 3 - this is when the brain stops growing

41
Q

3 milestones to determine infant can begin feeding

A

baby can sit with little to no support
baby brings things to food and mouth
baby’s extrusion reflex is diminishing
typically around 6 months

42
Q

do’s of infant feeding

A

start with iron-fortified cereals and then introduced pureed f+v
between 6-8 months foods that can be picked up with a palmar grip
between 9-19 months foods that can be picked up with a pincer grasp
focus on variety - color, texture, kinds

43
Q

don’t’s of infant feeding

A

avoid choking hazards - nuts, popcorn, whole grapes
do not feed honey
do not feed cow’s milk or unpasteurized dairy products - can feed pasteurized dairy products that aren’t milk
fruit juices and sugary drinks should not be given

44
Q

signs and symptoms of lead poisoning

A

constipation
anemia
lethargy
vomiting

45
Q

child/adolescent nutrition

A
  • no cow’s milk until >1 year - should only be full fat
  • after 2 years - can do reduced fat milk if desired
  • iron are equal for males and females until menstruation age
  • calcium is important for development of bone density (1300 mg for 9-19)
  • limit fruit juice to 4 oz until 6
  • > 60 min of exercise per day
46
Q

teenager nutrition

A
  • many deficiencies can occur - nutrition is very important
  • final growth spurt
  • prioritize iron, calcium, vitamin D, folate, and protein
  • protein needs (14-18): males - 52, females - 46
  • > 60 min of exercise per day
47
Q

adult nutrition calories

A

45-65% CHO
10-35% PRO
20-35% fat

25-30 kcal/kg

48
Q

adult nutrition protein

A

~0.8 g/kg per day
males: 56 g
females: 46 g

49
Q

adult nutrition fiber

A

< 50
- males: 38
- females: 35
>50
- males: 30
- females: 21

50
Q

adult nutrition fluid

A

1 ml/kcal or 30-35 ml/kg
males: 3.7L/day
females: 2.7 L/day

51
Q

adult exercise guidelines

A

150 mins of moderate or 75 mins of vigorous aerobic exercise

2 moderate to vigorous strengths per week

52
Q

adult nutrition sodium

A

1.5g/day

53
Q

older adult nutrition calories and protein

A

decreased calories needs (decreased BMR)
increased protein needs ~1.0 g/kg

54
Q

older adult nutrition fluid

A

25-30 ml/kg
helps constipation that may occur due to decreased gastric motility and decreased HCl secretions

55
Q

older adult nutrition vitamins and minerals

A
  • B12 increases 2/2 decreased production of HCl and intrinsic factor
  • calcium and vit D increase 2/2 sarcopenia and risk of osteoporosis
  • B6 and folate 2/2 atrophic gastritis
  • C, E, beta-carotene delay cataract development
  • more vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity

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