Research

Question 1

True Experimental Design - quantitative

Answer 1

Classic 2-group design which includes random selection & assign into group that receives tx or control. Cause & effect relationship of independent/dependent variable is examined. In human subject - often diff to design pure experimental design

Question 2

Quasi Experimental Design- quantitative

Answer 2

I variable is manipulated to determine its effect on dependent variable but lesser degree of researcher control and/or no randomization. Often used in HC research where its unethical to control or w/hold tx. Used to study intact groups created by events or natural processes.

Question 3

Non-experimental/Correlational Design - quantitative

Answer 3

No manipulation of I variable, randomization/researcher control are not possible. Used to study potential relations between 2(+) existing variables. Describes relationships, predicts relationships among variables w/o active manipulation. Limits: cannot est cause/effect, may fail to consider all variables. Degree of relationships is expressed by correlation coefficent: -1.0 and +1.0. Examples: retrospective (past data), prospective (present data), descriptive (several variables at once), predicitve. *Can be ex post facto

Question 4

Qualitative Methodology

Answer 4

Descriptive research that studies ppl I-ly/collectively in natural social/cultural environments. systematic/subjective.

Question 5

Phenomenological - Qual

Answer 5

study of 1(+) persons and how they make sense of their experience. Min interp from investigators & meanings are only ascribed by participants

Question 6

Ethnographic - Qual

Answer 6

patterns/characteristics of cultural group: extensive field observation, interviews, participant observation, literature examination & cultural immersion. used in HC to understand insider prospective (interviews always face to face)

Question 7

Heuristic - Qual

Answer 7

complete involvement of research in experience of subject to understand and interp phenomenon. Aim to understand human experience/meaning. Meanings can only be understood if personally experienced.

Question 8

Case Study - Qual

Answer 8

Sing subject/group subjects investigated in-depth: easy to use in most practice settings

Question 9

Trustworthiness critique of Qual reaserch

Answer 9

Credibility, trasnferability, dependability & confirmability

Question 10

Data Collection

Answer 10

Observation, interview, written questionnaires, survey instruments

Question 11

Surveys

Answer 11

Non-experimental instruments: can be open or close ended

Question 12

Measures of central tendency

Answer 12

Determination of ave/typ scores: mean, median, mode

Question 13

Measures of variability

Answer 13

Determination of spread of a group of scores: range, standard deviation (variability of scores from mean- appropriate w interval/ratio data), norm distribution (bell curve indicating distribution of scores) & percentile/ quartiles

Question 14

Analysis and interp of data using inferential stats

Answer 14

Determines how likely results can be generalized to whole pop.

Question 15

Standard Error of Measurement

Answer 15

est of expected errors in individuals score

Question 16

Tests of Sig

Answer 16

Estimation of true differences, not d/t chance - rejection of null hypothesis. Alpha level: pre-selected level of stat sig- usually .05 or .01 (p-value) indicates expected diff is d/t chance; Deg of Freedom: based on # of sub/groups; Errors:

Question 17

Types of Errors

Answer 17

Standard: expected chance variation among means, result of sampling error. Type 1: null hypo rejected when its true. Type 2: null hypo not rejected when false

Question 18

Parametric Stats

Answer 18

Testing based on pop parameters (ratio/interval data), T-test (test of sig comparing 2 group means/ID diff at selected probability level), ANOVA (ana of variance: compares 2(+) tx groups/conditions at selected prob level) & ANCOVA (ana of co-variance: used to compare 2(+) groups/conditions while also controlling for effects of intervening variables

Question 19

Nonparametric Stats

Answer 19

Testing not based on pop parameters (ordinal/nominal data); less powerful than parametric & more diff to reject null hypo. Chi Square: test of sig to compare data in form of frequency counts occurring in 2(+) mutually exclusive categories

Question 20

Correlation Stats

Answer 20

Used to determine relations between 2 variables. Pearsons prod-moment coefficent (r): corr interval/ratio data. Spearmans rank (rs): nonparametric for ordinal. Intraclass cor co (ICC): reliability based on ana of variance. Common variance: rep of degree that variation in 1 variable is attributable to another

Question 21

Strengths of Relations

Answer 21

Pos correlations: range from 0-+1.0 & indicates as X increases so does Y. High: .7-1, Mod: .35-.69 & Low: 0-.34. 0 means no relations. Neg correlations range from -1.0-0 & indicates as X increase, Y decreases - inverse relations.

Question 22

Ethical Considerations for Studies

Answer 22

Participants must be provided w full disclosure of purpose, methodology, nature and scope; informed on any potential risk/discomfort w plan to remediate; vol participation w w/drawal at any time & refusal to answer Q’s honored; confidentiality ensured; IRB for human subs - needed for grants, proposals submitted prior to implementation

Question 23

Entry Level OT Supervision

Answer 23

Supervision: Not req. Close S by an intermed/advanced us suggested. Supervises: aids, techs, all level OTAs, volunteers & L I FW

Question 24

Intermediate Level OT Supervision

Answer 24

Supervision: Not req; routine/gen by advanced recommended. Supervises: aids, techs, all level OTAs, L I & II FW, entry OTs

Question 25

Advanced Level OT Supervision

Answer 25

Supervision: Not req, min by advanced suggested. Supervises: ids, techs, all level OTAs, L I & II FW, entry/intermed OTs

Question 26

Entry Level OTA Supervision

Answer 26

Supervision: close S by all level OT or intermed/advanced OTA. Supervises: Aids, techs, voluenteers

Question 27

Intermediate Level OTA Supervision

Answer 27

Supervision: routine/gen by all levels of OT or advanced OTA. Supervises: aids, techs, entry level OTA, voluenteers, L I OT FW & L I&II OTA FW

Question 28

Advanced Level OTA Supervision

Answer 28

Supervision: gen by all levels of OT or advanced OT. Aids, techs, entry/interm OTAs, voluenteers, L I OT FW & L I&II OTA FW

Question 29

Nominal or Categorical Scale

Answer 29

Lowest level scale used to classify data which consists of observation/traits that can be placed into diff categories; can be grouped by numbers (1-M, 2-F) but NO numeric value. Common types: gender, race, blood type

Question 30

Ordinal Scale

Answer 30

Include diff categories but they DO have numeric order/sequence but cannot be assumed that diff between each interval is equal. Ex: likert scale

Question 31

Interval Scale

Answer 31

Can be assumed diff between each interval are equal & have no absolute 0. Ex: test scores, weight, height, but mostly temp

Question 32

Ratio Scale

Answer 32

Highest level of scales which refers to none or complete absence of variable of interest.

Question 33

Discrete vs Continuous Data

Answer 33

D: separate indivisible categories: whole # only w no values existing between 2 neighboring (# of ppl, income). C: Divisible into an infinite # of fractional parts (time, height, weight, GPA)