RESEARCH Flashcards
-blueprint of research
-guide in conducting research (data collection)
Research design
2 type of research design
Quantitative & Qualitative
-quantity
-Measurable data/ numerical data
-cause & effect relationship
Quantitative
-meaning (narrative)
-in depth study of a phenomenon or experience
-aka FIELD RESEARCH
Qualitative
-Cause
-can cause changes
-Fixed
Independent Variable
-Effect
-Measurable
Dependent Variable
“The effect of young maternal age on the infant’s birth weight”
Independent: Young maternal age
Dependent: Birth weight
“the effect of malunggay capsule in promotig lactation among BF moms in brgy skrt”
Independent: Malunggay capsule
Dependent: Lactation among BF
“The effect of widowhood in the psychological well-being of women”
Independent: Widowhood
Dependent: Psychological well-being
2 types of quantitative
-Experimental
-Non-Experimental
- (+) manipulation
-Administration of:
*Independent variable
*Treatment
*Intervention
-which can be given to independent variable
-BENEFICIAL
-HARMLESS
Experimental
-(-) Manipulation
-Not administration of treatment and intervention
-Harmful IV
-unethical IV
-AKA Observational
Non-experimental
We cannot manipulate the Independent Variable:
-Age
-height/wt
-gender
-behaviour
Idependent V. that cant be given:
-behaviour
-religion
-status
-disease
Types of non-experimental
-Descriptive
-Descriptive corelational
-Descriptive comparative
-describe phenomena w/o manipulation
-only answer question “what”
-“Introduction” part of the study
D-P-O-C
-Definition: statistic
-Prevalence: old/new
-Occurrence: new cases
-Characteristics: Risk Factors
-univariable: identify new concept
-ASK FOR OPINION OF OTHERS!
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
-prediction
-studies the relationship of variables that co-exist
-link together, not causation
-does not point out direct cause
Descriptive Correlational
Prediction
↓ R/F
Association : cant point out the direct
cause
*Causation:
-point out direct cause
- (+) manipulation
Spot map for Descriptive Correlational
IV - DV (1 GROUP)
2 types of Descriptive Correlational
Prospective
Retrospective
-Going forward
-IV: Present
-DV: Future
-Threat: may cause mortality; withdrawal
Prospective
-Going backwards
-AKA Ex post Facto : after the fact
-IV: Past
-DV: Present
Retrospective
Data collection for prospective
-May tale months or years
->6 months
-Threat: mortality; withdrawal
Longitudinal
Data collection for retrospective
-One point in time
Cross-sectional
-studies cause & effect relationship
- No manipulation by comparing 2 groups
-causation: point out direct cause
DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE
Sport map for descriptive comparative
2G +IV / - IV ➤ DV
- (+) Manipulation
- administration of IV/Trx/ Interventionn
-effectiveness of Treatment
-Causation (cause & effect relationship)
Experimental
elements of experimental Research
M-C-R
-Manipulation
-Control : improves reliability;
-Randomization : ensures that groups are equal (homogenous)
Most powerful design that eliminates all threat to internal validity
Pretest-post test control group design
Types of experimental research
-True
-Quasi
-Pre-experimental
3 elements
-Manipulation
-Control: 2 groups
-Random
T.T.T
2-4 groups with randomization
True Experimental Research
-improves reliability
-requires 2 groups:
*Experimental Group: Receives Trx
*Control Group: Ordinary/Traditional
Trx
Control
2 elements
-Manipulation
-Lacks either control or randomization
TTT
1-2 groups
1G: 2 Pre/post test
2G: w/o randomization
Quasi
1 element
-Manipulation
-lacks both control & randomization
TTT
1 GROUP; 1pretest 1 posttest
Pre-experimental
How to collect data for pre-experimental
O1 : Pre-test
X : Intervention
O2: Post-test
-Intervention with treatment- Post 2x
-irrelevant to conduct a pretest
One-shot case study
-Control group is irrelevant
Pre-test post-test one group design
-done when pre-test is impossible to conduct
Post-test only control group design `
-not possible to conduct randomization
Non-equivalent control group deisgn
Two types of experimental design
-Non-equivalent CG design
-Time series Design
-Duration of treatment
-Effectiveness of treatment over time
Time series design
-AKA Field study
-in depth study of phenomena/ experiences
Experiences
↓
Meaning
↓
Thru: Interview
↓
Data: Narrative form
LACKS:
-Hypothesis: Educational guess
-Statistical Treatment: Computation
-Theory: Attempt to explain phenomena in general
Qualitative Research
Types of qualitative Research
-Ethnographic
-Phenomenological
-Grounded theory
-Anthropology
-Study of culture, beliefs, & development
-Focus: L-A-B
Language: meaning
Artifacts
Beliefs & Tradition
Ethnographic
Data collection for ethnographic:
-Requires observation/interview for a certain period of time
-Immersion
-Longitudinal
-sociology
-study of social process
-social interaction
-Patterns of behaviour
-formulates theory grounded on data collected
Grounded Theory
-psychology: Mind; subjective/ behavior
L-I-B-E-D
-lived experiences
-Intuition/intuitive process: pt will
interpret research
-Bracketing: handling of emotionality
-End: when there is data saturation
-Data collection: semi-structured
individual
Phenomenological
No new information gathered overtime
Data saturation
Logical reasoning
-Specific to general
Qualitative research
↓
Data collection in specific Popltn group
↓
Develops theme/codes: characteristics
they share in common
↓
Formulate hypothesis
↓
Development theory: that explains specific population in general
Inductive Reasoning
Logical reasoning
-General to specific
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Theory (general)
↓
Develop hypothesis
↓
Data collection (specific person)
↓
Analysis of data
Deductive reasoning
All qualitative research ends when there is?
Data saturation
Brief summary
150-250 words
Abstract
Phases of Drug Development
Pre-clinical trial: Animal: good & bad effect
Phase 1: Healthy Male
Phase 2: Male subject with medical
condition : determine C/I
Phase 3: Large scale (10,000)
Phase 4: FDA Approved
