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GENERAL- TOP8 > CHN II > Flashcards

CHN II Flashcards

1
Q

Any microorganisms capable of producing a disease
e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites.

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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2
Q

Environment or object in which organism can survive or multiply
e.g., Human ,animals, fomites, soil, water

A

RESERVOIR

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3
Q

CHAIN OF INFECTION

A

Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit/ Mode of escape
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host

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4
Q

Venue or way which organism leaves the reservoir
Alimentary: Vomiting, diarrhea, biting
Respiratory: Coughing, sneezing, talking
Genitory-Urinary: Sexual - Transmission
Transplacental: Mother to Fetus
Skin:I Skin lesion, cut, blood

A

PORTAL OF EXIT/ MODE OF ESCAPE

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5
Q

Direct/Indirect Droplet
Particles: >5 mm
Distances: 3 feet

A

Contact

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6
Q

Respiratory secretions
Fine Particles: <5mm
More than 3ft distance
All droplets can be airborne (PTB)

A

Airborne

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7
Q

Carrier
e.g., Food, water, medication

A

Vehicle

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8
Q

Carrier
Insects; Mosquito

A

Vector

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9
Q

-Ingestion, Inhalation, Penetration

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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10
Q

-At risk -Infant & Children
-Old people -Immunocompromised

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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11
Q

-Entry until first s/sx
-Person is unaware of impending illness

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

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12
Q

-Nonspecific s/sx: Flu-like
-Activates immune response

A

PRODROMAL PERIOD

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13
Q

-Specific s/sx
-Pathognomonic sign

A

ACUTE PERIOD

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14
Q

-s/sx starts to disappear
-pt regains health

A

CONVALESCENT PERIOD

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15
Q

Healthy again.

A

RESOLUTION AGENT

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16
Q

-Physical & chemical barriers
-Natural flora
-Skin & mucuous membrane
-oils & sweats
-Cilia
-Gag, cough reflex

A

First line of Defense

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17
Q

-Inflammatory response
-Activate cells: B-E-N
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

A

Second line of Defense

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18
Q

Redness; increase blood flow

A

Rubor

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19
Q

Swelling; Exudation of fluid

A

Tumor

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20
Q

Heat; Release of inflammatory Mediators

A

Calor

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21
Q

Pain; Stretching of pain receptors

A

dolor

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22
Q

Loss of function; Disruption of tissue structure

A

Functio Laesa

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23
Q

-Immune response (B-cells & T-cells)
-Specific Protection; Lymphocyres

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

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24
Q

-Proteins that destroy familiar antigen

A

ANTIBODIES

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25
Q

-Foreign bodies (Microorganism)

A

ANTIGEN

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26
Q

-High resistance; High Antibodies

A

IMMUNITY

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27
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY -Organs, tissues, cells of immune system.

A

INNATE

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28
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY Immunity that develops during lifetime.

A

ACQUIRED

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29
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY In response to an infection or vaccine.

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

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30
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY -In response to infection

A

ACTIVE-NATURAL IMMUNITY

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30
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY-In response to vaccine

A

ACTIVE-ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

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30
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY -Breastmilk from Mother IgA & Placenta IgG

A

PASSIVE-NATURAL IMMUNITY

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30
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY-After receive antibodies from someone

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

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30
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY-From medication/ Immunoglobulin

A

PASSIVE-ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

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31
Q

5 ELEMENTS OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

A

Handwashing first tier
Gloves: clean & sterile
Gown or Apron
Goggles or Mask
Proper Disposal of sharps
-Do not recap

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32
Q

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Causative Agent

A

Myobacterium Tuberculosis

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33
Q

Mode of Transmission: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

A

Airborne-Droplet (coughing, sneezing)

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34
Q

Incubation Period: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

A

3-8 weeks

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35
Q

Prevention: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

A

BCG (Given at Birth)

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36
Q

LATENT TB

A

-Dormant
-Asymptomatic

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37
Q

ACTIVE TB

A

-Afternoon Low grade fever
-Blood in sputum (Hemoptysis)
-Cough (Chronic) > 2weeks
-Decrease in weight
-Evening sweat/ night sweat

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38
Q

Confirms the diagnosis of PTB
Definitive Test

A

SPUTUM SMEAR AND CULTURE aka ACID FAST BACILLI (AFB) STAINING

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39
Q

Detects the presence of antibodies

A

MANTOUX TEST/ TUBERCULIN TEST/ PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)

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40
Q

Result of Mantoux test/ PPD

A

-Within 48-72 hrs
-(+) induration of 10mm or more
-(+) immunocompromised induration of >5mm

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41
Q

Determines the presence & extent of the disease/ lesion

A

CHEST X-RAY

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42
Q

-No exposure
-Not infected

A

CLASS 0

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43
Q

-(-) TB exposure
-(-) s/sx
-(-)test
-(-)x-ray

A

CLASS I

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44
Q

-TB Infection (preclinical state)
-(-/+) exposure
-(+)tuberculin test
-(-) s/sx
-(-) x-ray

A

CLASS II

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45
Q

-TB Diseases
-(+)History
-(+)tuberculin test
-(+)s/sx
-(+)sputum
-(+)x-ray

A

CLASS III

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46
Q

-TB inactive
-(+/-) previous therapy
-(+)x-ray of healed TB
-(+) Tuberculin Test
-(-) S/sx
-(-) Smear

A

CLASS IV

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47
Q

-Suspected disease
-diagnosis pending

A

CLASS V

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48
Q

S/E: Orange discoloration of secretion and urine.

A

RIFAMPICIN

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49
Q

When to take: RIFAMPICIN

A

1st: Empty stomach (best) but can cause gastric irritation
2nd : with food
3rd: at bedtime

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50
Q

NRSG ALERT: RIFAMPICIN

A

Protect drug from light

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51
Q

A/E: RIFAMPICIN

A

Hepatoxicity

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52
Q

S/E: Hepatic enzymes elevation
Peripheral neuropathy (competes w/ vit.6 B6 absorption)

A

ISONIAZID

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53
Q

When to take: ISONIAZID

A

Before meals

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54
Q

Prophylaxis: ISONIAZID

A

10-50 mg

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55
Q

Treatment: ISONIAZID

A

5-100 mg

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56
Q

A/E: ISONIAZID

A

Hepatoxicity
HPN Crises

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57
Q

-Rapidly bacteriostatic
-slowly bacteriocidal
-may lead to hyperurecemia
-Arthralgia (Shoulder)

A

PYRAZINAMIDE

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58
Q

When to take:PYRAZINAMIDE

A

with or without food

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59
Q

2 TB DRUGS PHOTOSENSITIVE?

A

Rifampicin & Pyrazinamide

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60
Q

A/E:Pyrazinamide

A

Hepatoxicity
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
GI Upset

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61
Q

Leads to optic neuritis (Red-green discrimination)
-Skin rash

A

ETHAMBUTOL

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62
Q

WHY DO NOT GIVE ETHAMBUTOL TO CHILDREN 6 YRS OR YOUNGER

A

R: because they cannot reliably monitor Vision.

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63
Q

-Renal impairment
-Tinnitus (ringing of the ears)
-Auditory impairment

A

STREPTOMYCIN

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64
Q

Causative agent:TETANUS

A

clostridium tetani

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65
Q

Excretes toxins:
-Destruction
-Weak toxin
-Lysis of blood

A

TETANOLYSIN

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66
Q

Excretes toxins:
-Type of neurotoxins
-Cause muscle spasm

A

TETANOSPASMIN

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67
Q

Mode of transmission: TETANUS

A

Enters skin via non-intact skin

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68
Q

Incubation period:TETANUS

A

3 days to 1 month

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69
Q

Prevention: TETANUS

A

-TT Vaccination
-Health education

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70
Q

Pathognomonic sign: TETANUS

A

Risus-Sardonicus/Sardonic smile/ grin
-Facial nerve affected

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71
Q

S/SX: SPASM

A

Involuntary muscle contraction
Dangerous: Laryngeal Muscle

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72
Q

S/SX: TRISMUS

A

Trigemiinal nerve (lock jaw)
Opisthotonus (arching of the back)
Risus-Sardonicus/Sardonic smile/ grin

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73
Q

Nursing Responsibility: Lock jaw

A

NGT/ TPN

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74
Q

Nursing Responsibility:-Opisthotonus (arching of the

A

-Side lying

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75
Q

DOC: TETANUS

A

PENICILLIN
METRONIDAZOLE

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76
Q

A/E: Disulfiram-like reaction: TETANUS DOC

A

METRONIDAZOLE

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77
Q

DISULFIRAM -LIKE REACTION:

A

-Anxiety
-Blurred Vision
-Choking/ chest pain
-DOB
-Flushing of face
-Headache
-Sweating
-Vomiting

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78
Q

NURSING MANAGEMENT: TETANUS

A

1.Non-stimulating environment
Quiet and Dim
2.Tracheostomy -spasm
3.Cardiac Monitor

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79
Q

Causative agent: POLIOMYELITIS

A

Legio Debilitans
I.Brunhilde
II.Lansing
III.Leon

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80
Q

OTHER NAME OF POLIOMYELITIS

A

(Heins-Medin Disease)

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81
Q

Mode of transmission: POLIOMYELITIS

A

FECAL-ORAL

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82
Q

Prevention: POLIOMYELITIS

A

-OPV- Sabin V (NPO to promote absorption)
-IPV- Salk V sanitation
-SANITATION

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83
Q

ABORTIVE POLIO

A

-localized
-Sore throat
-Tonsilitis
-Enlarged cervical lymph nodes

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84
Q

NON-PARALYTIC POLIO

A

-Systemic
-Flu-like symptoms

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85
Q

PARALYTIC POLIO

A

-Reaches Spinal cord
-Painful muscle spasm usually one sided.
-damaged neurons (Asymmetrical paralysis)

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86
Q

BULBAR POLIO

A

-reaches the brain
-Brainstem (Pons, medulla oblongata)
-Respiratory paralysis
-HPN (silent killer)

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87
Q

MANAGEMENT: POLIO

A

-Analgesic
-penicillin
-no to opiods
-Aggrevate Respiratory (Demerol Paralysis)

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88
Q

NRSG MANAGEMENT: POLIO

A

-Sanitation

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89
Q

Causative agent: CHICKEN POX

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus, Herpes Virus

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90
Q

Other name of chicken pox

A

(VARICELLA)

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91
Q

reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus

A

Herpes Zoster

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92
Q

Herpes Zoster

A

-Stress
-Same manifestation w/ severe pain & tenderness along posterior nerve.

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93
Q

Mode of Transmission: Chicken Pox

A

Direct Contact

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94
Q

Incubation period: Chicken Pox

A

2-3 weeks

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95
Q

Prevention: Chicken Pox

A

Active immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine

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96
Q

S/sx: Chicken pox

A

-Trunkal–> rashes–>macule–>papule–> vesicle–>scabs–>full off–>Shallow pink depression
-(+) fever peaking on 2-4 days

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97
Q

Management: Chicken Pox

A

Aziclovir 800 mg 3x/ day

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98
Q

Supportive management: Chicken Pox

A

Antipyretic
Short fingernails
Isolation & Airborne precautions

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99
Q

Causative agent: MUMPS

A

Mumps Virus (Rubivirus)

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100
Q

Mode of transmission: MUMPS

A

direct contact by airbornee, droplet or fomites contaminated by saliva.

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101
Q

Incubation period: MUMPS

A

12-26 days life long immunity after recovery.

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102
Q

Prevention: MUMPS

A

MMR (12-15 month; Booster dose: 4-6 years)

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103
Q

S/sx: MMR

A

Asymptomatic in 30-40% cases
-Fever -anorexic
-malaise -swollen, painful, &
tender parotid glands
-Affecting submaxillary &
sublingual glands

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104
Q

Complications: mumps

A

-Epididymorchitis
-Meningoecephalitis
-Oophoritis
-Pancreatitis

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105
Q

Supportive management:

A

Comfort Measure, isolation & droplet precaution.

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106
Q

Causative Agent: MEASLES

A

Filterable virus
genus: Morbillivirus Family Paramyxoviridae

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107
Q

Mode of transmission: MEASLES

A

Direct contact with infectious airborne droplet.

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108
Q

Incubation period: MEASLES

A

8-12 DAYS

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109
Q

Prevention: MEASLES

A

MMR

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110
Q

S/Sx:MEASLES

A

initially an upper respiratory condition characterized by escalating fever (Peak 3-5 days)

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111
Q

Pathognomonic sign: MEASLES

A

Koplik’’s Sign: Graying peck in the buccal mucosa- 2nd day

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112
Q

MANAGEMENT: MEASLES

A

Supportive measures
Anti-pyretic with fluids
Vitamin A supplement

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113
Q

Causative Agent: DIPTHERIA

A

Corynebacterium Diptheria (Klebs-Loeffer Bacillus)

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114
Q

HIGH PREVALANCE OF DIPTHERIA DURING:

A

Cooler months (December-February)

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115
Q

KNOWN AS EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS

A

MUMPS

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116
Q

Mode of transmission: DIPTHERIA

A

-Direct or Intimate contact with carrier
-indirect contact with articles, food, & environment contaminated with discharge from nose, skin, eyes, or lesion on body parts of infected person.

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117
Q

Incubation period: DIPTHERIA

A

2-5 days

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118
Q

s/sx: DIPTHERIA

A

Low grade fever
Pseudomembrane
Nasal
Facial & Pharyngeal
Laryngeal

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119
Q

Management: DIPTHERIA

A

Isolaton: until (-) nose or throat culture
Antibiotic
Bed rest 2-3 weeks
Nutrition & hydration
Gas exchange

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120
Q

Diagnosis: DIPTHERIA

A

Specimen Culture

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121
Q

Causative agent: FLU

A

Influenza Virus (A,B,C)

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122
Q

Mode of transmission: FLU

A

Direct contact by mouth & nose
Droplet secretions (Upper airway)

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123
Q

Incubation period: FLU

A

3-5 days

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124
Q

Prevention: FLU

A

HIB, Influenza Vaccine

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125
Q

S/sx: FLU

A

-Bodyache -chills
-dry cough -fever
-headache -Pharyngitis

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126
Q

Supportive measures: flue

A

Anti-pyretic
Analgesics
Fluids
Rest
Vit. A Supplement

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127
Q

Causative agent: pertussis/ whooping cough

A

Hemophilus Pertussis
Bordetella Pertussis
Bordet Gengou Bacillus

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128
Q

Mode of transmission: pertussis

A

Respiratory secretions
Droplet-airborne
Fomites

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129
Q

***Highly contagious except: PERTUSSIS

A

3rd Phase

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130
Q

ncubation period: PERTUSSIS

A

6-20 Days

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131
Q

Prevention:

A

DPT Vaccine & Mask

132
Q

1st phase: PERTUSSIS

A

(1-2 weeks)
Common cold

133
Q

2nd phase: PERTUSSIS

A

(Month or longer)
No fever
Mid-cough- severe, violent & productive

134
Q

3rd phase: PERTUSSIS

A

Decrease frequency & severity of coughing

135
Q

Pathognomonic sign : PERTUSSIS

A

WHOOPING COUGH

136
Q

Causative Agent: RUBELLA

A

Rubella Virus

137
Q

Mode of transmission: RUBELLA

A

Airborne-Droplet

138
Q

Incubation period: RUBELLA

A

12-19 days

139
Q

Prevention: RUBELLA

A

MMR & MASK

140
Q

S/sx: RUBELLA

A

A-C-E H-E-L-P
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Coryza (runny nose)
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes
Headache
Eyes (Red & itchy)
Low grade fever
Pink rash (begins at the face- trunk-arm-legs)

141
Q

causative agent: DENGUE

A

-Dengue virus: 1,2,3,4
-O’nyong nyong

142
Q

CAUSATIVE AGENT OF DENGUE (MILD)

A

Chikungunya Virus

143
Q

Mode of transmission: DENGUE

A

Aedes Aegypti

144
Q

GRADE I: MILD (DENGUE)

A

Enters the bloodstream
Decrease Immune response
Increase Bradykinin
Increase Prostalandin
Histamine (Flushes skin)
(Herman’s sign)

145
Q

PAIN: DENGUE

A

Head
Abdomen
Muscle
Joints
Bone

146
Q

GRADE 2: DENGUE

A

***Grade 1 + Spontaneous Bleeding
Gums
Hematemesis
Epistaxis
Melena (no dark colored food & drinks)

147
Q

GRADE 3: DENGUE

A

Shock
Bleeding (Plasma Leakage)
Increase HCT (due to concentration of our blood)
Low BP
High HR
High RR
Pulse pressure (narrow)

148
Q

GRADE 4: DENGUE

A

PROFOUND SHOCK
Undetectable BP/pulse
ICU denguq shock syndrome

149
Q

Diagnostic test:DENGUE

A

Tornique test/ Rumpeel-Leads test

150
Q

-Check vascular resistance
-Screening test

A

Tornique test/ Rumpeel-Leads test

151
Q

HOW TO PERFORM TORNIQUE TEST

A

A.Check BP
B.Solve for mid systolic-diastolic pressure: S+D/ 2
C.Re-inflate BP cuff for atleast 5 minutes

152
Q

WHAT TO CHECK AFTER TORNIQUE TEST

A

Check: petechiae (weak vessel)
Positive: >20
Negative: <20

153
Q

Most important treatment: DENGUE

A

Isotonic solution (fluid replacement)
LR & NSS

154
Q

NURSING MANAGEMENT: DENGUE

A

Rest
Ice (bleeding)
Diet: No to dark colored food/ drink

155
Q

Supoortive Management: DENGUE

A

Paracetamol (fever & pain)
No ASPIRIN!!! X

156
Q

PREVENTION: 4’S OF DENGUE

A

Search & Destroy breeding site
Self-protection
Seek early consultation
Say yes to discriminate fogging

157
Q

Causative agent: MALARIA

A

Plasmodium Protozoa/Ovale
P. Vivax
P. Malariae
P. Falciparum (most fatal)
Anopheles (female)
Sporozoites : Liver (egg)
Merozoites:
Attacks liver (RBCs)
Severe Anemia

158
Q

Cold stage:MALARIA

A

-chills
-clatter teeth

159
Q

Hot stage: MALARIA

A

4-6 hours
-Increase fever
-Headache
-Malaise

160
Q

Diaphoretic stage: MALARIA

A

2-4 HOURS
-Wet (sweating)

161
Q

Diagnosis: MALARIA

A

Blood smear (hot stage)
-Collect blood

162
Q

Management: MALARIA

A

Artemether lumefantrine
-1st line
-Fast-acting

163
Q

DOC:severe malaria

A

Quinine (IM/IV)

164
Q

Common anti-malarial drug:

A

CHLOROQUINE

165
Q

Position of Choice: malaria

A

Supine position
-Maintain for 1 hour

166
Q

Nursing Responsibility: anti-malarial drug

A

*Do not administer drug for more than 1 week. Can cause CINCHONISM

167
Q

Do not administer drug for more than 1 week. because?

A

CINCHONISM
Headache
Tinnitus
Decrease hearing
N/V
Visual disturbances
Dysphoria

168
Q

Follow up drug for MALARIA

A

PRIMAQUINE

169
Q

FILARIASIS aka _____

A

Elephantiasis

170
Q

CAUSATIVE AGENT: FILARIASIS

A

Wuchureria Bancrofti
Brugia Malayi
Brugia Timori
Aedes Poecilles

171
Q

Diagnosis: filariasis

A

NBF (NOCTURNAL BLOOD EXAM)
-After 8 pm
ICT (IMMUNO CHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST)
-Daytime

172
Q

DOC: FILARIASIS

A

Hetrazan (Diethylcarbamazine Citrate)

173
Q

Causative agent: TYPHOID FEVER

A

Salmonella Typhi (bacteria)

174
Q

Mode of transmission: TYPHOID FEVER

A

Fecal-Oral
Urine

175
Q

S/sx: TYPHOID FEVER

A

Fever (high & low) Step/ladder like
GI (Anorexia, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea)
Peyer’s Patches (WBC)- Guards to microbes that enters.
Intestinal Bleeding- severe abdominal pain

176
Q

Pathognomonic sign: TYPHOID FEVER

A

ROSE SPOTS (Evanescent Rash)

177
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF TYPHOID FEVER

A

Perforation (boardlike abdomen)
Bradycardia- toxin affects the heart

178
Q

Diagnosis: TYPHOID FEVER

A

-Stool exam- period of communicability
-Blood exam- typhi dot (Rapid test)
-Test Antibody: IgM (Acute); IgG (Convalescence)
-Blood Culture: CONFIRMATORY
results: Weeks
-Widal’s Test:old test: blood test
Antigen: H= Post-infection
O= Acute infection
V= Convalescent (carrier)

179
Q

DOC: TYPHOID FEVER

A

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

180
Q

Management for typhoid fever

A

CHLORAMPHENICOL (Chloromycetin)

181
Q

Causative agent: Rabies

A

Rhabdo Virus : Bullet Shaped Virus

182
Q

Mode of Transmission: rabies

A

Vectorborne (dog)
-Animal bite
-Mammals
Scratch, Tissue Transplant, Airborne = Rare

183
Q

Diagnosis: RABIES

A

Observe (10-14 days) if dog is alive on 15th day (-) rabies
Brain Biopsy (Negri Bodies) The classic histopathologic feature
Fluorescent antibody test -Confirmatory test
Fluorescent Microscope: Apple
Green (Fluorescent)

184
Q

INVASIVE STAGE: RABIES

A

-Virus reaches the brain
-prodromal s/sx
Fever, headache, photophobia

185
Q

EXCITEMENT STAGE: RABIES

A

Hydrophobia- Laryngospasm; water
Aerophobia- Air
Manical Behaviour- Unfamiliar with people

186
Q

PARALYTIC STAGE: RABIES

A

Generalized Paralysis
Respiratory Paralysis

187
Q

MANAGEMENT: RABIES

A

-wash the wound with soap & water for 10 minutes
-Then betadine

188
Q

Tetanus Prophylaxis
Rabies Immunization

A

-ID/IM
-5 Doses
-Day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28
-Active immunization

189
Q

Causative agent: SCHISTOSOMIASIS

A

Schistosoma Japonicum (S. Mansoni)

190
Q

Mode of transmission: SCHISTOSOMIASIS

A

Snail: Planorbidae Snail

191
Q

Endemic Places: SCHISTOSOMIASIS

A

-Region 5 (Bicol)
-Region 8 (Samar & Leyte)
-R-11: Davao

192
Q

S/SX:
DOC: SCHISTOSOMIASIS

A

DOC: PRAZIQUANTEL
S/SX:
-DIARRHEA
-BLOODY STOOL
-SPLENOMEGALY
-HEPATOMEGALY
ANEMIA/ ABD ENLARGEMENT
-WEAKNESS

193
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS AKA____

A

Weils Disease; Trench Fever; Mud Fever; Flood fever; Spiroketal Jaundice; Japanese Seven days Fever.

194
Q

Causative Agent: LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

Leptospira Interrogans

195
Q

Incubation Period: LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

7-19 days; Average of 10 days

196
Q

Mode of transmission: LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

Non-intact (wound with water)
Moist soil contaminated with urine of infected host

197
Q

LEPTOSPIREMIC PHASE

A

Blood
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Onset:
Abrupt
Fever
Headache
Myalgia
N/V
Cough & Chest Pain

198
Q

IMMUNE PHASE: LEPTOSRISOS

A

-Correlates w/ circulating IgM

199
Q

Culture: Confirmatory Test (LEPTOSPIROSIS)

A

PCR (Positive Polymerase Chain Reaction) Blood or Urine.

200
Q

TREATMENT: LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

PENICILLIN (IM/IV)
TETRACYCLINE (Doxycycline)
@ 100mg every 12 hours; PO
ERYTHROMYCIN-allergic to penicillin

201
Q

Prevention: LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

Health education: At risk
Farmers & Miners: For awareness
Early Diagnosis
Early Treatment
Use of protective clothing
-Boots -Gloves
Community wide RAT
-Eradication Program
Report all cases of Leptospirosis

202
Q

Causative agent: SCABIES

A

SARCOPTES SCABIEI (Parasite)

203
Q

Mode of transmission: SCABIES

A

Prolonged skin-to-skin contact indirect contacts (fomites)
-Bedding
-Towels
-Clothing

204
Q

Incubation period: SCABIES

A

2-6 weeks

205
Q

Pathognomonic sign: SCABIES

A

Severe itching (Pruritis)
-at night severe
-Earliest & most common symptom

206
Q

Common site: Papular (pimple like); scabies rash

A

Between Fingers

207
Q

DOC:scabies rash

A

PERMETHRIN (TOPICAL)
-Every 2-3 days (1-2 weeks)
Papule —> Crusted

208
Q

Causative agent: HIV

A

Retrovirus-Human T-cells Lymphotrophic - 3

209
Q

Opportunistic Infections (Immunocompromised): HIV

A

1.Pneumocytis Jiroveci Pneumonia
-no.1 killer
-Non-productive cough & dyspnea
-DOBplex
2.Cytomegalyvirus (CMV)
-Mild visual impairment
-poor peripheral vision
-Blindness
-watery diarrhea
-Weight loss
3.Toxoplasmosis
-Protozoa
-Focal neurological symptoms:
Headache
Seizure
Lethargy
Focal Encephalitis
4.Candida Albicans
-Fungi
-Infection
-Cottage-cheese Like discharge
-Oral thrush
-Vagina
-Mouth, esophagus
5.Herpes Simplex
-Tingling & Burning site of lesion –> Blisters

210
Q

TREATMENT: HIV

A

ANTI-VIRAL AGENT
Retrovir (Zidovudine)
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Crixivan

211
Q

Causative agent: GONORRHEA

A

Neisseria Gonorrheae (bacteria)

212
Q

GONORRHEA AKA ____

A

(GC, CLAP, DRIP)

213
Q

DOC: GONORRHEA

A

Single Dose 500mg (IM) Ceftriaxone

214
Q

Causative agent: SYPHILIS

A

Bacteria: Treponema Pallidum

215
Q

SYPHILIS AKA ____

A

(SY. Bad Blood;The Pox)

216
Q

S/SX OF SYHPHILIS

A

Primary stage
-Painless chancre (Sore)
Secondary stage
-1 week- 6 months
-Patchy hair loss
Rash
Sore throat
-Swollen glands
Stage Syphilis
No symptoms- no indication of damage to body organs (brain & heart)

217
Q

Diagnosis: SYPHILIS

A

Dark field illumination test
Kalm Test

218
Q

Causative agent: CHLAMYDIA

A

Chlamydia Tranchomatis (bacterial)

219
Q

INCUBATION PERIOD OF CHLAMYDIA

A

2-3 weeks (Males)
Usually asymptomatic (females)

220
Q

S/SX

A

MALE
-Discharge in penis
-Burning & itching opening (Urethral)
-Urination: Burning Sensation
FEMALE
-Sometimes (discharge)
-Vagina (burning & itching)
-Abdominal Pain
-Later: Fever

221
Q

Diagnosis: CHLAMYDIA

A

Culture

222
Q

Causative agent: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

223
Q

Incubation: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)

A

4-20 days; average 7 days

224
Q

S/sx: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)

A

Female: Greenish yellow discharge, Foul
Male: Clear Discharge
Treatment:

225
Q

Complications: TRICHOMNIASIS

A

Female: Possible cervical cancer

226
Q

Thermometer: Manner of wiping before use?

A

Cleanest to dirtiest
Bulb to stem

227
Q

Temperature: Best route

A

1st :Tympanic
2nd : ORAL (2-3 minutes)

228
Q

Temperature: Safest route?

A

1st :Tympanic
2nd: Axilla (5-8 minutes)

229
Q

Temperature: Fastest route?

A

1st :Tympanic
2nd: Rectal (1 minute)

230
Q

Thermometer Route:

A

ORAL (2-3 minutes): Best route
Axilla (5-8 minutes): Safest route
Rectal (1 minute): Fastest route
*obsolete
BEST, SAFEST, FASTEST: Tympanic

231
Q

Domains of Learning

A

Cognitive: Knowledge
-(benefits of breastfeeding, BF: Lecture)

Psychomotor: Skills
-Action word verb
-Lecture: How to carry baby

Affective:
-Attitude, behavior, & feelings
-What worries you?

232
Q

Test to determine the presence of Glucosoria

A

Benedict’s test

233
Q

How to collect specimen for GDM test?

A

Benedict’s test
-Midstream/ before meals; early morning

234
Q

How to perform Benedict’s test?

A

2x Heat
-Benedict’s solution: 5ml
-Heat: not boil
-Urine: 8-10 gtts/drops
-Heat

235
Q

Results of Benedict’s test:

A

B-G-Y-O B-R
Blue: Normal
Green: + (1+)
Yellow: ++ (2+)
Orange: +++ (3+)
Blue green: Traces
Red/Brick Red: ++++ (4+)

236
Q

Where to place PHN Bag?

A

Flat surface
1st : Table
2nd: chair
3rd: bed

237
Q

Workfield PHN Bag

A

-Paperlining (clean side: inner surface) facing up
1st: Manila paper
2nd: Old newspaper

238
Q

Number of times to open PHN bag?

A

2-3x (the lower the better)

239
Q

to prevent contamination of the bag’s content

A

Handwashing

240
Q

prevent contamination of the bag

A

Paperlining

241
Q

to protect the uniform

A

Apron

242
Q

to prevent contamination of the clean working space

A

Waste Receptacle

243
Q

-study of disease prevention, occurrence, distribution
-Backbone of disease prevention

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

244
Q

when is the best time to conduct study of disease prevention, occurrence, distribution?

A

Pre-Pathogenic AKA well

245
Q

excrete disposal: Pit Latrine

A

Level I. Non-H20 use

246
Q

Excreta Disposal:
septic tank →sewerage →treatment

A

III. h20 carriage

247
Q

Excreta Disposal: Pour-flush, Aqua privy

A

I. Minimal H2O use

248
Q

Excreta Disposal: Septic vault/Tank

A

II. H2O Carriage

249
Q

Excreta Disposal: flush type

A

II. H2O sealed

250
Q

Distance between water source and toilet:

A

: 25 – 35 meters away

251
Q

phase of home visit:
-Planning, Records Review

A

Preparatory (before)

252
Q

phase of home visit:
Reports

A

post-visit (after)

253
Q

phase of home visit:
performing nsg. procedures; health teaching

A

Actual home visit (During)

254
Q

Tool and procedure with ease and deftness saving time and effort.

A

BAG TECHNIQUE

255
Q

tool and Equipment with basic medications and articles

A

PHN Bag

256
Q

Most important point in the use of PHN bag:

A

*it should contain all necessary articles

257
Q

Arrangement of PHN Bag

A

depends on the convenience of the user

258
Q

PHN bag contents is inside except?

A

*BP-Apparatus

259
Q

Principle of bag technique

A

it should prevent spread of infection

260
Q

Rationale: to render effective nursing care

A

Bag technique

261
Q

waste segregation: non-biodegradable

A

black

262
Q

waste segregation: biodegradable

A

green

263
Q

waste segregation: infectious

A

yellow

264
Q

waste segregation: hazardous, radioactive

A

orange

265
Q

health education strategy: 1 WAY

A

Lecture

266
Q

health education strategy: 2 way

A

Discussion

267
Q

health education strategy: providing skills and knowledge

A

Demonstration

268
Q

health education strategy: providing message by acting out

A

Role playing

269
Q

Classification of Food Establishment: Excellent

A

Class A

270
Q

Classification of Food Establishment: Very satisfaction

A

Class B

271
Q

Classification of Food Establishment: Satisfactory

A

Class C

272
Q

Immunity: Maternal transfer of antibodies “Mom-Baby”

A

Natural Passive Immunity

273
Q

Immunity:
Anti-toxin
Administered globulin

A

Artificial Passive immunity

274
Q

Immunity:
Disease experienced e.g., flur, virus

A

Natural active immunity

275
Q

Immunity:
Complete doses of toxoid and vaccines

A

Artificial Active

276
Q

two types of immunity

A

Natural and artificial
Passive and Active

277
Q

purpose: to determine DENGUE

A

CAPILLARY FRAGILITY TEST a.k.a. Rumpel-Leed’s Test/ Tourniquet Test

278
Q

Stepd to perform Capillary fragility test

A

1st: BP cuff – apply snuggly above/over brachial artery
2nd: Baseline formula : S+D/ 2
3rd: Inflation time: 5 mins
4th: Observe below the BP cuff in the area called the ANTECUBITAL FOSSA
5th: Imaginary square 1inch 2 (1 square inch)
6th: Count the petechiae/rashes: 20 or more spots indicate PROBABLE DENGUE

279
Q

4 rights of food sanitation

A

S-P-C-S
Source
 Preparation
 Cooking
 Storage

280
Q

room temperature that leads to spoilage

A

(10-60°C)

281
Q

temperature of refrigerator

A

(<10°C)

282
Q

temperature of heating

A

(>60°C)

283
Q

Purpose: to determine PIH PROTEINURIA/ALBUMINURIA

A

HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST

284
Q

How to collect the urine HEAT AND ACETIC TEST

A

midstream and before meal, early morning

285
Q

Steps to perform HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST

A

Urine: 2/3 of the tube
Heat: (do not boil)
Acetic Acid: few drops (3 -5 gtts/drops)

**heat once (1)

286
Q

Results for HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST

A

CLEAR – normal ( no CHON/PROTEIN in the urine)
CLOUDY -(+) Abnormal w/ proteinuria/albuminuria CHON

*repeat the procedure to VERIFY

287
Q

-Extension of service of the clinic
-Professional face-to-face contact between nurse & client

A

HOME VISIT

288
Q

color of Umbrella?

A

1st: Black: a neutral color
2nd: Next best option: dark color i.e. maroon

289
Q

Principles of Home visit

A

P-I-I-T-A-N
P – Priorities should be based on needs
(Physical, Psychological, Educational)
I – it should have a purpose/objective
I – it should make use of available information
(records review or case follow-up/
I/FTR)
T – the plan of home visit must be practical and flexible
A – activities should involve the family members
N – no definite rule regarding frequency of home visit

290
Q

to determine GLUCOSURIA without heating
more convenient than benedict’s test

A

CLINITEST

291
Q

Procedure to do Clinitest

A

Clinitest tablet – 1 tab
Urine – 5 gtts
H2O – 10 gtts

**Results: check the color in the CARD
Same interpretation with benedict’s test

292
Q

Dependent age group

A

0-14 y.o./60 y.o.

293
Q

Productive age group

A

15-59 y.o.

294
Q

Reproductive age group

A

15-49 y.o.

295
Q

Water sanitation: Unapproved Sources

A

 Open dug wells
 Wells that need priming
 Unimproved springs

296
Q

H20 Sanitation: Approved Types

A

P-S-O
I. Point-source: improved springs;
disinfected wells
II. Shared source: communal faucet; stand post (poso)
III. Own source: H20 works system; pipeline connection

297
Q

Approved Types:
improved springs;
disinfected wells

A

I. Point-source
**Disinfect atleast once a year

298
Q

Approved Types:
communal faucet;
stand post (poso)

A

II. Shared source

299
Q

Approved Types:
H20 works system;
pipeline connection

A

III. Own Individualized source:

300
Q

How many cottonballs will you utilized AFTER USE?

A

7 Cotton balls

301
Q

How many cottonballs will you utilized on the overall thermometer technique?

A

9 cotton balls

302
Q

thermometer: Wiping before reading

A

-cleanest – dirtiest
-(stem to bulb)
-dry cottonball without friction

303
Q

thermometer: Wiping after use

A

-cleanest – dirtiest
-(stem to bulb)
-downward, spiral, circular motion

304
Q

3 agents used for the thermometer technique

A

Agents: after use
1st – soap for cleansing (3x CB’s to wipe)
2nd – H2O/Water for rinsing (3x CB’s to
wipe)
3rd – Alcohol for disinfecting (1x CB’s to
wipe)

305
Q

Types of Epidemic: one-time only

A

Short-time Fluctuation

a. Point-source – common source of the disease
b. Propagated – transmission

305
Q

Types of Epidemic: recurrent fluctuation; Period and season
-e.x. dengue in the Philippines (rainy season: may to November)

A

Cyclic Variation

306
Q

Types of Epidemic: long term fluctuation; increasing through years
-e.x. HIV-AIDS

A

Secular Variation

307
Q

Type of short Short-time Fluctuation epidemic where common source of the disease

A

point-source

308
Q

Type of short Short-time Fluctuation epidemic where there is transmission of disease

A

Propagated

309
Q

to determine perfusion and circulatory failure

A

CAPILLARY REFILL TEST aka Nail Blanch Test

310
Q

Procedure of CAPILLARY REFILL TEST

A

-Place hand above heart level
-Remove nail polish
-apply pressure/ blanch nail until it becomes white
-Release the pressure
-Count the number of seconds until it returns to original color (pink)

311
Q

results of CAPILLARY REFILL TEST

A

<3 seconds (0-2) : NORMAL
>3 seconds or more:
-Slow return
-Circulatory failure

312
Q

Study of vital events

A

Vital statistics

313
Q

What are the Vital events?

A

-Birth: Fertility
-marriage
-separation (annulment, Divorce)
-Migration
-Disease: Morbidity
-Death: Mortality

314
Q

Clinic Visit Phases:

A
  1. Preconsultation
  2. Medical Examination
  3. Nursing Intervention
  4. Post consultation
315
Q

Clinic Visit Phases:
Assist the MD in performing the check-up procedure
 Assist the patient to ensure
o Safety
o Comfort
o Privacy

A
  1. Medical Examination
316
Q

Clinic Visit Phases:
 Reinforcement: Summary prior to discharge
 Referral
 Set appointment to the next check-up
o Can be at clinic or at home

A
  1. Post consultation
317
Q

Clinic Visit Phases:
 Carry-out orders
 Health education (specific needs/topics)
 Seek info about health condition of other family members

A
  1. Nursing Intervention
318
Q

Clinic Visit Phases:
 Admission: first come, first serve = give number; greet client
 Assessment: data-gathering
o Chief complaint/Health history
o Vital signs
o Laboratory test
 Pre-clinic lecture (general health teaching)

A
  1. Preconsultation
319
Q

Study of the population (characteristics)

A

DEMOGRAPHY

320
Q

sample (selected people)
Sampling technique
“Clustered Sampling”

A

Survey

321
Q

Population (all 100%)

A

Census

322
Q

PSA

A

Philippine Statistics Authority

323
Q

-protection of the community; against particular disease
-representing immunity & susceptibility levels

A

Herd Immunity
90% or more the better is only acceptable

324
Q

on and off, intermittent, seasonal:
low cases

A

Sporadic: S < I

325
Q

continuous, constant, regular:
Low cases

A

Endemic: S = I

326
Q

sudden outbreak/increase (local):
high cases

A

Epidemic: S > I

327
Q

global outbreak; worldwide epidemic: High cases

A

Pandemic: S > I

328
Q

it indicates the state of health of the community and the success or failure of healthwork.

A

Morbidity & Mortality Rates

329
Q

Best indicator of morbidity or mortality

A

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

330
Q

It reflect general health condition/Environment

A

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

331
Q

zero or decrease IMR would mean

A

healthy community

332
Q
A

GENERAL- TOP8 (25 decks)

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