Research Flashcards
empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers but rather could not be based on observations
Qualitative research
empirical means based on observation or experience
Gathers and analyzes data in numerical form. This research can be used to find patterns and averages as well as make predictions
Quantitative research
quantitative experiments do not take place in natural settings. They also don’t allow participants to explain their choices or the meaning of the questions may have for those participants
Limitations in context
Poor knowledge of application of statistical analysis may negatively affect the subsequent interpretation
Limitations in researcher expertise
Larger sample size are needed for more accurate analysis
small scales are less reliable because of low quantity of data
Limitations in variability of data quantity
The researcher might miss observing phenomena because of focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on theory of hypothesis generation.
Limitations in confirmation bias
characteristics of quantitative research
structured research instruments, based on larger sample sizes, replicated, clearly defined research question, carefully designed, arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
Quantitative data can be interpreted with statistical and since statistics are based on the principles of mathematics, the quantitative approach is viewed as scientifically objective, and rational
- Useful for testing and validating already constructed theories.
Scientific objectivity (Strength)
Sophisticated software removes much of the need for prolonged data analysis, especially with large volumes of data involved (Antonius, 2003).
Rapid analysis (Strength)
Quantitative data is based on measured values and can be checked by others because numerical data is less open to ambiguities of interpretation. Hypotheses can also be tested because of the used of statistical analysis (Antonius, 2003).
Replication (Strength)
Types of Quantitative Research
Descriptive
Correlational
Quasi-Experimental
Experimental
Experimental Quantitative designs
True Experimental, Quasi experimental, pre-experimental
Pre test & post test control design
Post test-only control group design
True Experimental
Non equivalent control group design
Time-series design
Quasi experimental
One-shot case study
One-group pre test post test design
Pre experimental
a type of Non-experimental quantitative design
Descriptive
Types of descriptive
Survey, correlational, ex-post facto studies, comparative, evaluative, methodological
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Randomization, control and manipulation
Participants being assigned to either receive (experimental group) or not receive (control group), the treatment condition or intervention
Randomization
is the process of maneuvering the IV, so that its effect on the dependent variable (DV) can be observed/measured.
Manipulation
In single case study, that studies at once, following a treatment or an agent presumed to cause change.
The carefully studied single instance is compared to general expectations of what the case would have looked like had the treatment not occurred and to other events casually observed.
The study design has a total absence of control; it is considered to be little value as an experiment
One-Shot Case Study
When to use Non-Experimental Design?
The research is about a single variable.
The research question is about a non-causal statistical relationship between variables
The research question can be about a causal relationship but the IV cannot be manipulated.
The research question is broad and exploratory.
Identifies the sample and the population, collects data through questionnaires or interviews, and draws conclusions or makes inferences about the population
Useful design to use to collect data quickly and economically, study attitudes and opinions, and survey geographically dispersed individuals
SURVEY
In some educational situations, neither the treatment nor the ability to manipulate the conditions are conducive to an experiment.
Does not describe a “cause and effect” but the degree of association between two or more variables or sets of scores.
Can have a positive, negative or no __________
CORRELATIONAL
Literally means “from after the fact”
Data collection occurs after the fact – examine the effect and look back in time to determine the cause (retrospective)
EX-POST FACTO
Examine the differences between two groups on some dependent variable of interest.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES
Concerned with the development testing and evaluation of research instruments and methods.
METHODOLOGICAL
-is not only something that we measure, but also something that we can manipulate and something we can control for.
-A characteristic that changes or varies overtime and/or for different individuals or subjects under consideration.
-are measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary of different scenario.
-serve as a basis for collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data in quantitative research.
VARIABLE
-That cause changes in phenomenon or situation.
-Also called as treatment, manipulated, or predictor variables.
-Variable that the researcher changes or manipulates to see its effect to the other variable, the dependent variable respectively.
Independent Variables
(cause)(experimental or predictor)
-Effects brought by the independent variable.
-Referred as to outcome, effect, or response variable. It is sometimes called criterion variable.
-Variable that the researcher wanted to measure.
-The changes in this variable is the main focus of the researcher in the study.
Dependent Variables
(effect)