General Science (ACAD1) Flashcards
The sequence of transfers of matter and energy in form of food from organism to organism.
Food chain
A relationship where one benefits but the animal getting benefited from is neither harmed nor benefiting
Commensalism
A relationship where an organism is benefitting from another organism, but the organism being benefitted from is being harmed.
Parasitism
A relationship where both organisms are benefitting from each other
Mutualism
Utilization of the same resources by organisms of the same or of different species living together in a community, when the resources are not sufficient to fill the needs of all organisms
Competition
Competition for resources between two different species is called
Interspecific competition
Competition for resources between two animals of the same species is called
Intraspecific competition
A reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere (the region of the atmosphere nearest Earth’s surface), in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. This means the cool air is trapped under the layer of warm air.
Temperature inversion
A reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere (the region of the atmosphere nearest Earth’s surface), in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. This means the cool air is trapped under the layer of warm air.
Temperature inversion
Types of chemical weathering
Reaction with water, oxygen, acid and organisms
What type of rocks will you most likely find fossil?
Sedimentary rocks such as shale
Coarse-grained igneous rocks that formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.
Intrusive Igneous rocks
Form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.
Igneous rocks
Types of rocks formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface.
Sedimentary rocks
were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been changed (metamorphosed) as a result of intense heat and/or pressure within the Earth’s crust. They are crystalline and often have a “squashed” (foliated or banded) texture.
Metamorphic rocks
Fine grained, glassy igneous rocks that formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground.
Extrusive igneous rocks
Hardest in the Moh’s scale of hardness; Softest?
Diamond; Talc
Recite from 1-10 the Moh’s hardness scale
Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond
How a mineral reflects light
Luster
Color of powdered mineral
Streak
Ratio of mass and volume
Specific gravity
Number of flat planes when a mineral breaks
Cleavage
When a mineral breaks irregularly
Fracture
the process of movement and deformation of the earth’s crust that gives rise to large-scale features such as continents, ocean basins, and mountains.
Diastrophism
A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
Fault
Diastrophic movements are gradual and might stretch for thousands of years while earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are sudden and short. True or False?
True
A theory that states that the planet Earth was the center of the universe and all of the other planets, stars, and the Sun revolved, or circled, around it.
Ptolemy theory
A theory that states that the sun is the center of the solar system
Copernicus theory
is the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have “drifted” across the ocean bed.
Continental drift theory
Who made the continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener
The rock layer forming a boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle
Mohorovicic discontinuity
These are transparent, wispy clouds that cover most or all of the sky. The best identifier for _________ clouds is a halo or ring of light surrounding the sun or moon.
Cirrostratus
Fairly common clouds that look like round white or gray patches in the sky.
Altocomulus clouds
These clouds form a white or gray layer that blankets the sky at mid-level. There are usually no patches of blue sky when these clouds appear, but the sun is often visible as a dimly lit disk behind the clouds (although no shadows appear on the ground).
Altostratus
These are much smaller than most other types of clouds, and they are sometimes called cloudlets. They are found at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals.
Cirrocumulus
Wispy clouds located high in the atmosphere are likely cirrus clouds. They are thin and white with lots of blue sky visible.
Cirrus clouds
Are the classic “thunderstorm clouds” and are large towering clouds that are often dark in color. Seeing them is a sign that a storm is likely on its way.
Cumulonimbus clouds
Fluffy, tall, often described as looking similar to cauliflower clouds that indicate a happy sunny day
Cumulus clouds
Form a thick, dark layer across the sky. They are often thick enough to blot out the sun. Like cumulonimbus clouds, they are associated with heavy precipitation, but, unlike cumulonimbus, you can’t pick out individual nimbostratus clouds.
Nimbostratus clouds
Somewhat similar to cumulus clouds but are flatter, thicker, and darker. There is less blue sky between the clouds, and the weather will appear more cloudy than sunny.
Stratocumulus clouds
Similar to fog (but on the horizon instead of on the ground), ____ clouds are a gray featureless layer of clouds that cover all or most of the sky.
Stratus
What do Cumulus, Altocumulus, Stratocumulus, Cumulonimbus, Cirrocumulus clouds have in common?
They are puffy cumulo form clouds (hinted from the name)
What do Stratus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus have in common
They have thick, fog like layer (strato form, as hinted from the name)
What do cirrus and cirrostratus clouds have in common?
They are wispy, high cloud and cirro-form
If the moon were positioned twice as far from the Earth as it is now, the gravitational attraction would be?
A. twice as great
B. Four times as great
C. One-fourth as great
D. One-half as great
C
Which of the following does not characterize a low-pressure system?
A. Air cools as it rises
B. Water vapor condenses to form clouds
C. A fine weather is forecast
D. Hurricanes may be predicted
C, because with LPA, the warm air would crunch to the center, rise and condense into clouds. This is why in LPA, the winds are strong and rains are present
Where did Neptune’s blue color come from?
Abundance of Methane
Highly magnetized rotating neutron stars
Pulsars
Are extremely luminous active galatic nucleous; is a supermassive black hole feeding on gas at the center of a distant galaxy.
Quasars
The phenomenon land breeze is best explained by:
A. radiation
B. conduction
C. diffusion
D. convection
D. Convection is the movement of liquid or gas
Level below of which the surface rocks are saturated by water
water table
Level below of which the surface rocks are saturated by water
water table
All of the following can be used to establish the identity of a material except:
A. mass
B. boiling point
C. solubility
D. density
A, because it’s too vague
Indicators of chemical changes
Change in temperature, color, odor, precipitate or formation of bubbles not due to boiling
The process which involves the escape of high kinetic energy molecules from the surface of a liquid?
A. condensation
B. sublimation
C. deposiiton
D. evaporation
D
The movement of water molecules across a differentially permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
Osmosis
Gas pollutants may be present in places far from where they are released. Which of the following properties of gases account for this observation?
A. compressibility
B. diffusibility
C. expansibility
D. exert pressure
B. Diffusion is a net movement of atoms or molecules from highly concentrated region to low concentration region
The energy coming from the sun is the result of?
Fusion of hydrogen to form helium
Light scattering by particles in a colloid
Tyndall effect
A simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum
A lever. An example of this is nutcracker
What method will you use to measure the volume of a rock?
A. Buoyancy
B. Weight displacement
C. Immiscibility
D. Water displacement
D, because rocks are irregular. In order to get the volume:
Volume=final level-initial level
When diving into water from a heigh, the speed of fall decreases upon hitting the water because:
A. water is dense
B. the mass of the diver is not large enough
C. water exerts an upward force
D. Both A and C
C. due to buoyant force
When we weigh bodies, we:
A. measure the total body mass of the body
B. test the gravitational force that draws them towards the Earth
C. convert mass into energy
D. convert energy into mass
B
An astronaut with a mass of 60 kg on Earth was sent to Mars, which has a gravitational pull less than Earth’s. What will be the astronaut’s mass on Mars?
A. more than 60 kg
B. exactly 60 kg
C. less than 60 kg
D. cannot be determined
B, gravitational pull only affects weight, not mass
Which of the following minerals is noted for its perfect cleavage?
A. calcite
B. muscovite
C. quartz
D. pyrite
B
An example of a rock whose minerals have been crushed into thin sheets or bands is”
A. shale
B. schist
C. conglomerate
D. granite
B
Mineral halite is:
A. potassium chloride
B. sodium chloride
C. calcium chloride
D. calcium bromide
B. mineral name of salt is halite
Name of the partly melted rock layer on which the plates move
Astenosphere
Rigid, rocky outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the upper mantle.
lithosphere
During which period in the earth’s history did most dinosaurs become extinct?
cretaceous
the term that describes different crystalline modifications of the same chemical substance
polymorphism
The most important chemically active fluid involved in the formation of rocks
water
Oldest and longest period lasting from the beginnings of the earth to approximately 570 million years ago
Precambrian
Which element in CFCs is responsible for destroying the Earth’s ozone layer?
A. oxygen
B. fluorine
C. chlorine
D. bromine
Chlorine
What causes the oblate spheroid shape of the earth?
A. earth’s magnetism
B. earth’s gravity
C. earth’s rotation
D. moon’s tidal pull
C
The focus is above the epicenter. True or false?
False. It’s the other way around. Epicenter is at the earth’s surface right above the focus.
Core of the earth is composed of?
Iron and nickel
Safety aside, why is alcohol used in preference to mercury in a minimum thermometer?
A. Alcohol has higher boiling point
B. Alcohol has lower freezing point
C. Alcohol contracts more uniformly
D. Alcohol can be dyed
B
Atolls are formed from:
A. rise of earth’s crust
B. sand brought in from mainland
C. collapse of the center of a volcano
D. coral reef upbuilding during subsidence
D
Atolls are formed from:
A. rise of earth’s crust
B. sand brought in from mainland
C. collapse of the center of a volcano
D. coral reef upbuilding during subsidence
D
Who disagreed with the church’s belief the Ptolemy theory
Galileo Galilei
The most serious environmental pollution
A. radioactivity
B. particulate formation
C. thermal pollution
D. noise pollution
C
Also called “Fool’s gold”
Pyrite
Which color would exhibit the most intense tyndall scattering?
Violet. This is because the intensity of scattered radiation is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength.
Evaporation from water surfaces exposed to air is not dependent of the?
A. velocity of wind
B. humidity
C. temperature
D. depth of water
D
What distinguishes birds from other animals?
A. presence of feathers
B. presence of wings
C. presence of claws
D. birds can lay eggs with shells
A
What distinguishes mammals from other animals?
A. they can produce milk
B. They can give birth to live offspring
C. they can form eggs
D. They can walk upright
A
Number of protons in an atom is referred to as?
atomic number
Two or more atoms physically joined together with only one visible phase is called
solution
Two or more atoms physically joined together with only one visible phase is called
solution
What form of energy can travel through empty space
Radiant
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is called
Temperature
Scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake
Richter scale
Describes the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects
Mercalli scale
The change of the size of your pupil when you enter a bright room is an example of?
A. stimulus
B. adaptive behavior
C. signal response
D. reflex
D
Part of the flower that becomes the fruit
ovary
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves of the plants through small pores called?
Stomata
These are the male parts of a flower.
Stamens
They are often bright in colour as their main function is to attract pollinators such as insects, butterflies etc to the flower.
Petals
These are the small, leaf-like parts growing at the base of the petals. They form the outermost whorl of the flower.
Sepals
This forms the female parts of a flower.
Pistil
These are the egg cells of a flower.
Ovules
This is found at the tip of the style. It forms the head of the pistil. The stigma contains a sticky substance whose job is to catch pollen grains from different pollinators or those dispersed through the wind.
Stigma
