Resarch design quiz #9

Question 1

First, you need to identify the specific group
that your sample will come from  this is
called your

Answer 1

Sampling Frame

Question 2

For your sampling frame to be
representative, it must ________ the
population as closely as possible

Answer 2

approximate

Question 3

________ theory is based on the concept
that over time there is a statistical order in
which things occur
* EX: if you flip an unaltered coin 10 times, it is
possible that we get 5 heads and 5 tails, or 8
heads and 2 tails, or vice versa and so on

Answer 3

probability

Question 4

Over time, sampling will produce __________ _______ (in this
case equal proportions of heads vs tails) and a there will
be an approximate normal distribution

Answer 4

statistical order

Question 5

Probability sampling requires that every member
in the population or the sampling frame have an
______ chance of being selected for the sample

Answer 5

Equal

Question 6

There are different types of probability sampling:
* SR
* STR
* SYRS
* CS

Answer 6

There are different types of probability sampling:
* Simple random sampling
* Stratified random sampling
* Systematic random sampling
* Cluster sampling

Question 7

EX: Pop = 8500; N = 100  We randomly select 100 individuals from
our population of 8500 people. Each person is selected independently
from all others, and we do not replace the missing person in the
population. Thus, the leftover population would be 8400 (8500-100)
* To make sure the selection process is random, we can use a table of random numbers, or computer software

Which of the four (4) types of probability sampling is this?

Answer 7

Simple random sampling

Question 8

Subgroups within the population are divided into
strata

• Strata are selected based on specified
  characteristics
• After identifying strata, random selection of
  participants from each strata occurs
• EX: In one high school, we have multiple grade
  levels. We would develop ordered strata based on
  grade level (Freshmen, Sophomore, Junior,
  Senior). We then randomly sample from within
  each grade level.
• For example, if we sampled 1 out of every 10
  people from this ordered list, we would ensure
  that 1/10 of freshmen, 1/10 of sophomores etc.
  were represented in our sample at minimum

Which of the four (4) types of probability sampling is this?

Answer 8

Stratified random sampling

Question 9

To ________ sample, random
selection of participants occurs
based on identifying an interval,
randomly selecting a starting
point from within the interval,
and then selecting every nth
participant thereafter.

For example, our Pop = 8500;
Target sample size = 100

We create an interval by first
dividing N/Pop  100/8500 =
1/85

We randomly select one
participant between the
numbers 1 and 85

We use the randomly selected
participant as our starting
point, and then select every
85th person thereafter until we
get 100 people

Which of the four (4) types of probability sampling is this?

Answer 9

Systematic random sampling

Question 10

Also called “area probability sample” and “multistage
sampling”
* First, we divide our population into clusters
* Next, we sample among the clusters
* Next, we sample again from within our sample of
clusters

• Example  Texas has 254 counties. A
  multistage cluster sampling process
  would go like this
• Randomly select n counties from the
  total list of 254 counties
• From our obtained n counties,
  randomly select n census tracts within
  each county
• From our obtained n census tracts,
  randomly select n people from each
  census tract
• From our obtained n people, we then
  randomly sample from that collection
  of people to get our final sample

Which of the four (4) types of probability sampling is this?

Answer 10

cluster sampling

Question 11

Not all members of the sampling frame have an
equal opportunity to be selected for the sample
* Because random selection does not occur, this
may cause representativeness issues, and
subsequently, generalizability issues
* However, this barriers can be overcome if the
sample produces the requisite information
* i.e., enough characteristics of the target
population exist within the sample

This is _____ Probability sampling

Answer 11

non probability Sampling

Question 12

Different types of nonprobability samples include
P
Q
S
C

Answer 12

• Purposive
• Quota
• Snowball
• Convenience

Question 13

Sample participants are identified within the population
before selection occurs

• Subjects are then selected in advance or selected
  deliberately by the researcher
• A major factor of _______ sampling is accessibility to
  units or individuals that are part of the target population
• There are major drawbacks to this type of nonprobability
  sampling
• Lack of representativeness
• Generalizability issues
• Selection effects
• EX: I compared female vs male gun violence perpetrators
  in schools. I randomly sampled males but purposively
  sampled females. Why do you think I did this?

Which of the four (4) types of non probability sampling is this?

Answer 13

purposive sampling

Question 14

This type of nonprobability sample
relies on collecting a set number of
participants (and therefore data) to fit
the sampling needs

• Essentially, you keep sampling until you
  get enough people who have the type
  of information the research calls for
• In other words, selection continues
  until enough people comprise the
  desired sample size

______ sampling may also require an attempt to capture percentage
breakdowns in the sample which reflect the percentage breakdowns
in the population
* EX: A University’s student population is 25% White, 25% Black,
25% Asian, and 25% Other. The quota sample would
deliberately try to achieve a sample with roughly the same
percentage breakdowns in reported race
* The quota sampling method has some drawbacks
* It can take a long time, especially if the “desired” sample
participants are hard to recruit or unavailable
* It does not ensure representativeness
* It does not ensure generalizability
* Selection effects

Which of the four (4) types of non probability sampling is this?

Answer 14

Quota sampling

Question 15

This is a common sampling technique in
qualitative research

• The method starts with the researcher
  asking one or a few persons to take part
  in the study
• These people then subsequently recruit
  others into the study, and then those
  new people recruit more new people
  and so on and so forth until a desired
  sample size is reached.
• ______ sampling has some
  drawbacks
• The researcher must depend on
  others to select participants
  correctly, so reliability is a problem
• Access to initial participants
• Representativeness
• Generalizability
• Selection effects

Which of the four (4) types of non probability sampling is this?

Answer 15

snowball sampling

Question 16

Units or individuals are chosen simply because they
were in the right place at the right time. No effort is
made to achieve representativeness

• Because the researcher essentially “takes what they
  can get” in terms of sample participants, there are
  serious limitations to convenience samples
• Lacks representativeness
• Sample does not reflect the population
• Generalizability issues
• Limits on explanatory utility
• Limited to descriptive analyses
• Statistical support will be minimal

Which of the four (4) types of non probability sampling is this?

Answer 16

Convenience sampling

Question 17

A Confidence ________ is a range of numbers in a normal distribution
within which our estimated population parameters fall

Answer 17

Interval

Question 18

A Confidence ______ refers to the estimated probability that our
population will fall within a given confidence _________

Answer 18

level;

interval

Question 19

In social science, we usually aim for a sample size that 95 out of 100
times varies by ___ or less from the population.

Answer 19

5%

Question 20

Generally, to ensure we get a large enough sample to work with, it is
generally recommended to oversample by ____

Answer 20

20%