Quiz #14 Flashcards
Three (3) Types of research:
1) d
2) e
3) e
- Descriptive
- Exploratory
- Explanatory
What are the five (5) General steps of research?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
- Identify the problem
- Research design
- Data collection
- Data analysis
- Reporting
Defined as an explanation that offers to classify, organize, explain, predict, or understand the occurrence of specific phenomena
Theory
________ rests on a series of hypotheses that attempt to make sense of reality
Theory
_________ is Defined as an abstract label that represents an aspect of reality
Conceptualization
__________ is Defined as the conversion of the abstract idea of notion into a measurable item
Operationalization
____________ variables (predictors, used to predict the outcome).
Independent
___________ variables: This is the outcome variable being predicted by the independent variable
Dependent
___________ variables: these are the variables which may be influencing the dependent variables
Control b
A statement describing the expected result or relationship between independent and dependent variables
A specifically measurable statement
Hypotheses
The end members of your study are called the ____
sample
The group that your sample will be derived of is called the _____ _______
sample frame
“_________” means the complete group /class from which information is to be gathered
population
whether the measure used accurately represents/reflects
the concept it is meant to measure. This is called _______
validity
whether the measuring device seems, on its _____, to measure what the researcher wants to measure
This is?
Face
Whether each item in the measuring device measures the concept
in question
this is?
Content
construct is:
Whether the measuring device does indeed measure what it has
been designed to measure
Criterion is:
representation of the degree to which the measure relates to external criterion
Reliability in this classes context refers to something that can be:
replicated by future research
what are the two (2) components of reliability?
s
c
stability and consistency
Steps to “getting started” on research study:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
- Picking a topic
- Reviewing relevant literature
- Developing research questions
- Developing hypotheses
- Identifying important variables
What are the main ethical concerns in research?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
- Harm to others
- Privacy concerns
- Informed consent
- Voluntary participation
- Deception
Ethical research criteria
1)
2)
3)
4)
- Avoid harmful research
- Be objective in designing, conducting, and evaluating research
- Use integrity in the performance and reporting of the research
- Protect confidentiality
Define qualitative research in the wording that prof uses:
A non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations for
the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of
relationships
Different types of Qualitative research
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
- Field interviewing
- Field observation/participant-observer
- Ethnographic research
- Sociometry
- Historiography
- Content analyses
Define quantitative research in the wording prof uses:
The numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those
observations represent
Which two (2) types of research are strictly qual (not quant)
ethnographic and sociographic
what are the three elements of causality:
c
t o
c for c
correlation
time ordering
control for confounders
__________ research is the highest in terms of superiority
evaluation
what does “cross-sectional” refer to?
analyzing something as a single point in time
cohort:
some defining characteristic (all cops, all a certain age, all female, etc)
Panel:
same people again and again and again
What are the twelve (12) research designs?
- Historical
- Descriptive
- Developmental/time series
- Cross-sectional
- Trend
- Cohort
- Panel
- Case studies
- Correlational
- Causal-comparative
- True experiment (RCT)
- Quasiexperimental
What are the ten (10) rules in questionnaire construction?
- Start with a list of what you want to know about
- Establish reliability and validity
- Word questions appropriately
- Identify who should answer the questions
- Avoid asking poorly constructed questions
- Determine question types (open vs closed)
- Do not make assumptions about what information respondents have
- Pretest the questionnaire
- Make response options easily recognizable
- Organize the questionnaire in a concise manner
What are the names of the three (3) scales?
T
L
G
Thurstone
Likert
Guttman
Which scale is this?
“panel decides validity”
Thurstone
Which scale is this?
“Scaled responses (1=strongly agree; 5 = strongly agree)”
Likert
Which scale is this?
questions are progressively more specific (must strictly follow the principle of unidimensionality)
Guttman
What is the main element of Quasi-experimental that separates it from true-experimental?
it lacks random assignment
which scale is the most used in criminology
Likert,
Thurstone,
Or Guttman?
Likert
which scale is the LEAST used in criminology
Likert,
Thurstone,
Or Guttman?
Thurstone
Central limit theorem meaning:
(eventually it will be a even distribution)
four (4) Probability samplings:
Si r
St r
Sy r
C
- Simple random
- Stratified random
- Systematic random
- Cluster
four (4) Non-Probability sampling:
P
Q
S
C
- Purposive
- Quota
- Snowball
- Convenience
