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Vertebrates Quiz 1 > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

There are 4 classes in the reptile clade. What are they?

A

Class Reptilia - snakes, lizards and tuataras
Class Chelonia - turtles and tortoises
Class Eusuchia - crocodiles and alligators
Class Aves - birds

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2
Q

What is the largest tortoise or land turtle?

A

Galapagos giant tortoise (or Madagascar?)

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3
Q

What is the largest living turtle?

A

Leatherback turtle

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4
Q

What kinds of environments are the members of class chelonia adapted to?

A

Turtles are adapted to marin, freshwater and terrestrial habitats

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5
Q

What are the pieces of a turtle shell?

A

Dorsal carapace and Ventral plastron

  • skeleton fused with inner shell
  • pieces connected with a bridge
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6
Q

What are Scutes?

A

scales with keratin underlain with bone

- reinforced scales

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7
Q

How many bones compose the carapace of the shell? What is it derived from?

A

59-61 bones

likely derived from and fused with ribs and vertebrae

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8
Q

What is the Plastron derived from?

A

bones of the shoulder girdle and abdominal ribs

- some species have a hinged or movable plastron

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9
Q

What do turtles and tortoises have in place of teeth?

A

horny ridges

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10
Q

What is the reproductive method of class chelonia?

A

Oviparous - egg laying

- internal fertilization

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11
Q

What kind of environment do turtles lay their eggs?

A

terrestrial

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12
Q

How do you tell lizards from amphibians?

A

all lizards have scales and most have claws

- Geckos have adhesive toe pads

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13
Q

How do you differentiate legless lizards from snakes?

A

Lizards have moveable eyelids and external ear openings

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14
Q

What are 2 kinds of legless lizards?

A

Glass lizards

Amphisbaenians - worm lizards

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15
Q

What are Amphisbaenians?

A

Legless worm lizards

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16
Q

What are the reproductive modes of Class Reptilia?

A

Most are oviparous

  • some are ovoviviparous
  • viviparous
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17
Q

What is parthenogenesis with respect to parthenogenic lizards? What is the advantage?

A 
Asexual reproduction (no egg fertilization) 
- advantage for colonization
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18
Q

What is caudal autonomy?

A

ability to drop tail to distract a predator

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19
Q

What are 2 typical threats to BC reptiles?

A

Habitat Loss and Road Kill

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20
Q

All lizards are terrestrial except?

A

Marine iguana endemic to the galapagos

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21
Q

What do marine iguanas eat?

A

only herbivorous lizard that eats green algae

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22
Q

How does an ectomorph reptile such as the marine iguana maintain body temperatures while diving?

A

Bask in sun and restrict peripheral circulation in the cold ocean

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23
Q

What is in the order Squamata?

A

Suborder serpentes (ophidia)(snakes)

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24
Q

What are 6 characteristics of snakes?

A 
Legless
Scales, dry skin
No movable eyelids
No external ears - deaf
Highly sensitive to tactile and chemical receptors
Highly kinetic skull
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25
Q

What are 6 features that make the rattlesnake a highly evolved predator?

A

Venom fangs (hollow, immobilize prey)
Pit organs detect infrared (heat sensing)
Eyes for daytime vision
Rattle for warning
Cryptic (camoflage) and aposematic (recognizable warning to predators) colouration
Body that detects vibrations

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26
Q

What is the function of the Jacobson’s organ?

A

Detects large molecules like pheromones

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27
Q

What 4 organs are part of the pheromone/molecule sensing of a snake?

A

Brain, nerves, jacobson’s organ, forked tongue

28
Q

What role does the forked tongue play in sensing with the Jacobson’s organ?

A

Forked tongue flickers and collects molecules, forked tongue fits into place with the jacobson’s organ and transfers molecules

29
Q

How do snakes eat prey much larger than it appears their mouths/bodies can fit if they don’t chew?

A

Slow intake of prey possible because of mandibular liberation

30
Q

What is mandibular liberation?

A

mandibles of lower jaw expand to accomodate large prey
they bottom jaw is not fused and each side can move independently
connected with ligaments
quadrate and mandibular joint also play a role

31
Q

What kind of fertilization do snakes have?

A

internal - adapted to terrestrial life

32
Q

What is a hemipenis in snakes?

A

2 that are remnants of a bilateral body plan

33
Q

Which 4 BC snakes are oviparous?

A

great basin gopher snake
night snake
western yellow-bellied racer
sharp-tailed snake (endemic)

34
Q

Are there any BC snakes that are viviparous?

A

No

- boa constrictors and green anacondas do though but not local species

35
Q

What are 2 BC snakes that are ovoviviparous?

A

all 3 species of garter snakes

rubber boa

36
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Tuataras and where are they found?

A

Between bird and reptile clade
Superficially look like lizards
Third eye on top of head that likely only sees light and dark (no shapes) and is covered/protected by scales

37
Q

What is Class Eusuchia?

A

Crocodiles and alligators

formerly Crocodylia

38
Q

How do you tell Crocodiles and Alligators apart?

A

Head shape of alligator is broad and crocodile comes to a knobby point
The 4th tooth of the lower jaw of a crocodile sticks out and upwards

39
Q

Do reptiles exhibit parental care?

A

Most don’t but crocodillians do

40
Q

Reptiles, turtles, crocs and birds have epidermal scales composed of what material?

A

Keratin

41
Q

How do the scales of reptiles differ from fish?

A

Reptile scales are not separate

- continuous sheet

42
Q

What happens when reptiles grow and produce new skin?

A

They shed

- snakes shed in a continuous sheath

43
Q

What is different about the amniotic eggs of reptiles and birds?

A

they are surrounded by a leathery or calcarous shell

44
Q

What are 4 extraembryonic membranes?

A

Amnion
Allantois
Chorion
Yolk sac

45
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A

protects embryo within aquatic environment

46
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A

provides nutrients

47
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

stores metabolic wastes

-fuses with chorion for gas exchange

48
Q

What is the function of the chorion?

A

functions in gas exchange between extraembryonic membranes and the rest of the amniotic egg

49
Q

What is the albumin?

A

egg white

50
Q

What are 3 reproductive characteristics of reptiles and turtles?

A

internal fertilization
special insemination organs for males
some females can store sperm

51
Q

What might be one reason for ovovivipary in cold climates?

A

eggs are retained for thermoregulation

52
Q

What is an advantage of having an amnoitic egg?

A

No longer bound to aquatic environment

53
Q

What adaptation to shelled eggs do hatching reptiles, snakes, lizards and even birds possess?

A

Egg tooth to aid in hatching

54
Q

Most animals have their sex determined genetically. What is different about crocodiles, tuataras, and many turtles and lizards in this respect?

A

environmental sex determination such as ambient temperature

  • protein or enzyme dependent on temp that is responsible for estrogen/testosterone production
  • food for thought:effects of climate change?
55
Q

What are 4 methods that aquatic turtles use to respire?

A

lungs (no gills)
skin
lining of the throat
bursae (vascular sacs in cloaca)

56
Q

How is blood in reptiles oxygenated?

A

lungs (not gills)

57
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of a reptile or turtle?

A

3

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood intermingle

58
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of crocodilians?

A

4
like birds and mammals
separation of ventricles
more efficient adaptation

59
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of fish?

A

2

oxygenated blood doesn’t get pumped through heart?

60
Q

What are 2 adaptations for water conservation?

A

kidneys excrete uric acid (as nitrogenous waste - less water than urea)
glands that excrete salt near nose or eyes
- crocodile tears!

61
Q

Describe uric acid

A

a semi-solid paste that is largely insoluble in water and results in little water loss

62
Q

Where do turtles crocodiles and marine birds excrete salt?

A

orbital glands near eyes

63
Q

Where do sea snakes excrete excess salt?

A

sublingual glands under tongue

64
Q

Where do lizards excrete excess salt?

A

nasal glands

65
Q

Define Ectothermic

A

use of environmental temperature to regulate body temperature

66
Q

Why are reptiles the best thermoregulators?

A

reptiles use environment and therefore don’t need to eat as much for metabolism
fish are limited by areas of low spatial thermal heterogeneity
- geography limited, swim long distances to reach different temps
Amphibians are limited by vulnerability to dessication
- warm usually = dry and would suffocate
Birds and mammals use behavioral thermoregulation to stay within an ambient temp range w/in which they can maintain body temp

67
Q

Where do alot of invasive reptiles originate?

A

as released pets

Vertebrates Quiz 1 (16 decks)

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