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Vertebrates Quiz 1 > Fishes > Flashcards

Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 first subphylums of the phylum Chordata?

A

Cephalochordata - lancelets; Urochordata - tunicates; and Vertebrata - vertebrates

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2
Q

What are 5 characteristics of the phylum Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets have a brain, gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord and a post-anal tail

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3
Q

What are 6 characteristics of the subphylum Vertebrata?

A
  1. Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail
  2. Cartilaginous or bony exoskeleton with backbone (one expection)
  3. Pronounced cephalization: a well developed nervous system with anterior brain and specialized receptors (nose, eyes, ears)
  4. Closed circulatory system with a 2-4 chambered heart and blood w/ hemoglobin
  5. Excretory system of paired kidneys
  6. Endocrine system of ductless glands (adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, etc.)
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4
Q

Osteichthyes - bony fishes refers to which 2 classes of fishes?

A

Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes and Sacopterygii - Lobe-finned fishes

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5
Q

Superclass Gnathostomata means what? And how what are the 3 classes in this superclass?

A

Jawed

  1. Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes
  2. Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes
  3. Sarcopterygii - lobe-finned fishes
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6
Q

Name 6 types of fins with respect to location

A

1st dorsal, 2nd dorsal, adipose, pelvic, anal, caudal

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7
Q

Name 4 types of fish tails

A

Heterocercal, homocercal, protocercal (pointed), diphycercal (expanded pointed with abrupt point)

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8
Q

Name 4 types of fish scales and what kind of fish they are often found on

A
  1. Placoid or Denticles - sharks and rays
  2. Cosmoid - Lungfish
  3. Ganoid - Sturgeon, bowfins, gars
  4. Leptoid (cycloid and ctenoid) - most other fish
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9
Q

Name a few fish that lack scales and one that appears to lack scales but has a coating of deeply embedded scales

A

Ratfish, mackerel, swordfish, eel, catfish, and blue-fin tuna has embedded scales

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10
Q

What is the Superclass for jawless fishes?

A

Agnatha (part of subphylum vertebrata)

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11
Q

What does the Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes, Family Myxinidae refer to?

A

Hagfish

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12
Q

Do Hagfish have vertebrae?

A

No. They have a cartilaginous skeleton with a notochord that persists in the adult as a cartilage rod

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13
Q

How do hagfish remove their slime?

A

They squeeze it off by tying their bodies in a knot and working the knot down their body to the tail removing slime along the way

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14
Q

What are the 2 species of hagfish in BC?

A

Pacific and black hagfish

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15
Q

What kind of environment are hagfish found in?

A

Marine

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16
Q

If hagfish don’t have jaws, what are their mouths modified for?

A

Mouths are modified for sucking and have two rows of teeth on the tongue

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17
Q

What function do hagfish barbels have?

A

Sensing

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18
Q

List 5 features of hagfish

A 
no eyes
no paired fins (caudal only)
Cartilagenous skeleton
a notochord but no vertebrae
slime glands to ward of predators
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19
Q

What do hagfish eat?

A

scavenge and prey on invertebrates and dead or dying fish

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20
Q

What does the class petromyzontida, order petromyzoniformes, family petromyzontidae refer to?

A

Lampreys

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21
Q

What are the 2 species of Lamprey in BC?

A

Pacific (Tooth at top of mouth with 3 points?) and River Lamprey

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22
Q

List 5 characteristics of Lampreys

A 
Notochord that persists as an adult surrounded by a cartilagenous pile with rudimentary vertebrae
jawless sucking disc with many teeth 
no barbels
prominent eyes
dorsal and caudal fins
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23
Q

What do Lampreys eat?

A

They are parasites that feed on fish and other creatures

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24
Q

What kind of life cycle to Lamreys have?

A

Anadromous – spend part or all of adult life in salt water and return to freshwater streams to spawn (like salmon)

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25
Q

What is does class chondrichthyes refer to?

A

Cartilagenous fishes

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26
Q

What are 2 subclasses in class chondrichthyes?

A

Subclasses:
Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays)
Holocephali (ratfish/chimaeras)

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27
Q

How many dorsal fins do sharks have?

A

2

28
Q

What is a shark’s skeleton made of?

A

Cartilage

29
Q

What does a shark have in excess of in it’s liver and what is the function?

A

Oil for buoyancy because they don’t have a swim bladder

30
Q

Why must most sharks swim continuously?

A

to keep water moving over their gills for oxygen and maintain buoyancy

31
Q

What kind of tail fin does a shark have?

A

Heterocercal

32
Q

What is the function of a spiracle?

A

intake of water that exits through the gill slits (water can also enter mouth)

33
Q

How do sharks achieve neutral buoyancy without a swim bladder?

A

Cartilagenous skeleton (less dense and therefore lighter)
Shape of pectoral fins and heterocercal tail and surface of head provide lift
Large quantities of oil and lipids in liver (less dense tha seawater)
but still must swim continuously to overcome negative buoyancy

34
Q

What do the largest sharks eat?

A

Filter feed plankton (no teeth?)
example - basking shark
beneficial to feed lower on food chain because there is more biomass to feed on

35
Q

What are shark teeth?

A

Modified placoid scales or denticles

36
Q

What are 2 sensory features on sharks and give a brief description of what they do?

A

Lateral Line Canal- has openings to surface and is connected to the acousitic system and is sensitive to water pressure and vibrations
Ampullary Organs of Lorenzini - pores with jelly filled canal that are sensitive to weak electric fields (possiblely salinity, pressure, and temp) and look like freckles on the head with indentations

37
Q

What feature do the short digestive tracts of sharks have to increase surface area?

A

Spiral valves - similar to folded intestines of other creatures (evolution finds different ways to solve the same problem in different organisms)

38
Q

What is the blood of sharks in refrence to seawater and where is excess NaCl excreted?

A

Isosmotic

excreted in rectal gland

39
Q

Is fertilization in sharks external or internal?

A

internal

40
Q

What are claspers and what are they for?

A

modified inner edges of pelvic fins in males used in mating and is inserted into the female cloaca

41
Q

What reproductive modes are present in sharks? Which is most common?

A

Oviparous - egg laying
ovoviparous - eggs retained and hatched in uterus, nourished by yolk
viviparous (most common) - nourished through mothers blood through a placenta

42
Q

What is a mermaid’s purse? What is it made of?

A

shark/skate egg case made of keratin

never from rays

43
Q

What kind of development do baby sharks have? Is there metamorphosis?

A

Direct development, no metamorphosis

44
Q

In class chondrichthyes what are the skates and rays collectively known as?

A

batoids

45
Q

What is the spine of a sting ray?

A

a modified placoid scale with a venom gland at the base

46
Q

What is the difference between poison and venom?

A

poison is ingested ( no poisonus snakes)

venom is injected ( no venomous berries)

47
Q

What do the largest rays such as the manta ray eat?

A

plankton

48
Q

what kind of reproductive mode do rays have?

A

ovoviviparous

49
Q

How do rays keep bouyancy?

A

similar to sharks

no swim bladder or operculum so must keep swimming

50
Q

Describe Rays

A 
rays: fewer species
long thin tail without fins
sting ray tail armed w/ spines
ovoviviparous
1-lobed pelvic fin
bird like swimming motion
more streamlined
51
Q

Describe Skates

A 
Skates: more species
thicker tail with fins
thorns on tail
oviparous
2-lobed pelvic fin
undulating swimming motion
better camouflage and more bottom dwelling
52
Q

What are the main differences between skates and rays

A

Skate tails are fleshy w/ thorns and fins
Ray tails are needle-like w/o fins and thorns
Skates: 2-lobed pelvic fin
Rays: 1-lobed pelvic fin

53
Q

Summarize class chondrichthyes, subclass elasmobranchii

A

cartilaginous endoskeleton, placoid scales, 5-7 pairs of gills/slits, no swim bladder, spiral intestinal valve, urea in muscle tissue, blood isosmotic to seawater, direct development, internal fertilization, all 3 forms of reproduction present, well developed senses (vibration - lateral line, electro-ampullary organs of lorenzini)

54
Q

What is class chondrichthyes, subclass holocephali?

A

ratfish

55
Q

Describe subclass holocephali

A

cartilagenous skeleton, lack scales, males possess pelvic and cephalic claspers, upper jaw fused to skull, ventral mouth, egg capsule similar to mermaids purse, teeth are large plates, dorsal spine, long thin tail, large pectoral fins

56
Q

What are the 2 subclasses in Superclass gnathostomata, class actinopterygii?

A 
Subclass chrondrostei - sturgeons and paddlefish
Subclass Neopterygii - modern bony fishes
57
Q

What is class Actinopterygii?

A

ray-finned fishes

58
Q

What is class Sarcopterygii?

A

lobe-finned fishes - coelocanths (none local, thought to be extinct until recently)

59
Q

What are Class Actinopterygii and Class Sarcopterygii often called collectively?

A

Osteichthyes - bony fishes

60
Q

What are 2 species of sturgeon in BC?

A

Green (marine) and White (fresh) sturgeon

61
Q

What is the largest fish found in fresh water?

A

sturgeon

62
Q

Summarize Class Chrondrostei

A

cartilagenous skeleton, heterocercal tail, head covered in bony plates, 5 rows of bony scutes (remnant ganoid scales), no teeth, 4 barbels, prey on benthic fish and invertebrates

63
Q

Name 2 Infraclasses in Subclass Neopterygii (modern bony fishes)

A 
Infraclass Holostei - gars and bowfins (no local)
Infraclass Teleostei - majority of modern bony fish (salmon, herring, rockfish etc...)
64
Q

What is the bowfin Genus?

A

Amia

65
Q

What is the Gar Pike Genus?

A

Lepisosteus

Vertebrates Quiz 1 (16 decks)

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