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2 AM - Exotics > Reptile Husbandry 1 > Flashcards

Reptile Husbandry 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What reptiles are found in the order squamata?

A

Snakes & Lizards

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2
Q

What reptiles are found in the order chelonians?

A

Tortoises & Turtles

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3
Q

What reptiles are found in the order crocodilians?

A

Crocodiles

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4
Q

What snakes are found in the class of colubrids?

A

Cron, Rat, King & Mil Snakes (Beginner friendly)

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5
Q

What snakes are found in the class of Boids?

A

Boa constricrors, Royal & Burmese Pythons

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6
Q

What snakes are found in the class of Viperids?

A

Vipers & Rattlesnakes

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7
Q

What snakes are found in the class of Elapids?

A

Cobras

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8
Q

What lizards are found in the class of Geckos?

A

Leopard, Crested, Day & Tokay geckos

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9
Q

What lizards are found in the class of Agamids?

A

Bearded dragons

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10
Q

What lizards are found in the class of Iguanas?

A

Green iguana

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11
Q

What lizards are found in the class of Monitors?

A

Savannah Monitors

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12
Q

Whst lizards are found in the class of Skinks?

A

Blue-Tongue skink

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13
Q

What lizards are found in the class of Chameleons?

A

Veiled, Panther, Jackson (Difficult to keep)

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14
Q

Common Tortoise Breeds

A

Mediterranean - Hermann’s, Greek, Horsfield

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15
Q

Common Terrpain Breeds

A

Red-Eared Terrpains (not allowed anymore), Map Turtles

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16
Q

Common Box Turtle Breeds

A

American & Asian

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17
Q

What breed is the tortoise likely to be if they have small spurs on their thighs?

A

Spurthigh

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18
Q

How can you ID a Horsefield Tortoise?

A

4 claws on their front feet (aka Russian tortise or 4-Toed tortoise)

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19
Q

What do you need to keep in mind when handling reptiles?

A

~Dangerous & Aggressivge, ~Very gast, ~Venomous, Zoonotic risk of Salmonella sp

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20
Q

How do you handle snakes in general?

A

Approach slowly, Control head first, Place towel first, Support body but allow to move, No handling during ecdysis (shed), Often urinate/defaecate + Release unpleasant smelling secretions from musk gland

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21
Q

How would you handle constrictors?

A

Do not allow to coil around neck, Two or more handlers required for larger constrictors (>2m)

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22
Q

How would you handle venomous snakes?

A

Requies special equipmen (snake tongs, hooks + plastic retraining tubes) t + training, Antivenom should be available

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23
Q

How could you sex a snake?

A

M - Paired hemipenes inverted at tail base, Boids have spurs (vestigial hindlimbs) at vent which are larger in M, Sexed by probing or everting hempienes

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24
Q

How do you prove snakes for sexing?

A

Stainless steel purpose-made probes/catheter with blunt end, Lubricate well + gentle, Lift scale hiding vent cranially before turning + inserting the probe caudally, Probe will slide into hemipenes if male (6-15 scales), Short in females (2-6 scales)

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25
Q

What are some things you should keep in mind when handling lizards?

A

~Serious injury, ~Aggressive, ~Drop tail

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26
Q

What is an adaptation of lizards that you could use to your advantage when handling lizards?

A

Vaso-vagal reflex (apply genelt pressure to both eyeballs) = Stimulate autonomic nervous system = Decrease HR, RR + BP

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27
Q

How do you handle Iguanas?

A

One hand to restrain head + forelimbs, Other hold hindlimbs parallel to tail base, Tuck under arm

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28
Q

How do you sex lizards?

A

~Dimorphic adults = Larger crests + Dewlaps in M iguanas, Horns on M Jackson’s, Swollen endolymphatic clacium stores in F geckos (X-rays), Prominent pre-femoral pores in M (look like little circles along pelvis + leg region), Hemipenal buldge at base of tail of M, Probing on glia monsters, Mineralised hemibaculae in hemipenes of M monitor lizards (x-rays, hardens when sexually mature)

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29
Q

What are some things you should keep in mind when handling chelonians?

A

Fairly placid but strong (chemical sedation to extract + examin larger species or those with hindged shells (lock in)), Terrapins can bite, Hold shell firmly at femoral fossae

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30
Q

How do you sex tortoises?

A

Dimorphism common, Difficult to sex young, Longer tails with more distal vents M, Concave plastron in M, Size different (Mediterranean T F bigger)

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31
Q

How do you sex turtles?

A

Size differences (RET F bigger), Longer anials on FL of M RET (court-ship dance)

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32
Q

How do you sex eastern box turtles?

A

Males have red irirs, Females have brown/yellow iris

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33
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Ectothermic (Uses external heat sources to regulate body temp + metabolic function)

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34
Q

What is meant by preferred optimum temperature zone?

A

Temperature range in which physiological processes funciton optimally overall

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35
Q

How would you provide an optimum temperautre zone?

A

Temperature gradient to allow behavioural thermoregulation, Basking area warm end, Temperature can drop at night, Species specific, Graint horizontal or vertical

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36
Q

What are something you should keep in mind when decided on a heat source?

A

Reflect wild thermoregulation (warm rocks vs sun), Often need a secondary background heatsoruce to provide basking area + gradient

37
Q

What heat soruces are available for purchasing?

A

Heat mat outside of vivarium (<50% of surface only - conduction) = Direct contact = burns, Can move away or Radient heat source (heat lamp for basking species like tortoises + beareded dragons may need an alternative heat source at night)

38
Q

How do you control heat sources?

A

Thermostat control temperature + max/min thermometer to monitor

39
Q

What can compromised ventilation + humidity lead to?

A

Encourage mold growth

40
Q

How do you increase relative humidity?

A

Damp substra, Spraying, Misting, Water feautres, Water bowls on heat pad, Foggers, Drippers, Humidity chamber for when they are shedding + those who enjoy burrowing

41
Q

What can low humidity can lead to?

A

Renal failure in Iguanas, Dysecdysis in snakes + lizards

42
Q

What can excessive humidity cause?

A

Bacterial + Fungal dermatitis

43
Q

How can you make humidity chambers?

A

From a tub + wet sponge

44
Q

Why would leopard geckos benefit from a humidity chamber?

A

Struggle to shed skin on digits, can build up in layers causing constriction = missing digits

45
Q

Why is you UV light essential?

A

Herbivore lizards + tortoises have poor uptake of vit D from GI tract (unlike snakes), Vit D prdouced throuh action of UVB on skin (290-315nm), UVB from natural sunlight or artificual light

46
Q

How is vit D utilised from the skin?

A

Removed from skin + stored in liver → Liver kidneys + Metabolised to calcitriol = Vit D3 (can the uptake calcium from diet)

47
Q

What does calcitriol stimulates?

A

Uptake of calcium from the GI tract

48
Q

What UV light could you use?

A

Fluroscent tubes (must provide UVB), Mercury vapour lamps (not good for small environments)

49
Q

What must you keep in mind when placing a UV lighting?

A

Placed by heat lamps as lizards seek out the heat not the UB levles, UVB decreases with distance according to inverse square law = decrease benefit, Production of UVB decreases with tipe as deposits build up + blocks it

50
Q

How often should you replace artificial UV lighting?

A

6-12 months

51
Q

How far away are basking areas should be away from UV bulbs?

A

Within 30-45cm

52
Q

What do full spectrum bubls also emit?

A

UVA - has behavioural effects

53
Q

Photopreiod

A

Species dependant, Day length + Temp decrease during winter (esp if want breeding), Trop reptiles 13hrs summer, 11hrs winter

54
Q

What must you consider with substrate?

A

Crucial for terrestrial species, Burrowing species should have substrate that allows this, Non-toxic, Non-irritant, Easy to clean, Safe to ingest (Wood chips/Sand can be ingested for time = Impaction)

55
Q

What substrate is suitable?

A

Newspaper,
Soil,
Leaf litter,
Large bark chips (not cedar),
Sand,
Coconut fiber can be used,
(small wood chips + shaving risk of ingestin + GI impaction),
Females need to access to suitable substrate for oviposition (more likely to get egg-bound if not + do not need males to lay eggs)

56
Q

What would you need to include when creating a vivarium for an arboreal species?

A

Branches

57
Q

What is an important factor when deciding a vivarian setup for a Chemelion? (Water)

A

Do not drink standing water = Neeeds to be running constantly

58
Q

Why would you need abrasive surfaces in a snake viarium?

A

To aid in shedding + Water bowl/pool for soaking

59
Q

Diet of a snake

A

Whole prey (rat + mice killed humanely) (if larger rabbits + guineapigs)
Illegal to feed live vertebrate prey,
Garter snakes fed fish (thawed frozen fish need to be supplemented with thiamine)
Smaller snakes fed more frequently: Larger snakes,
Group housing - fed separately

60
Q

Why else would you not feed live vertebrate sepcies?

A

Can fight back + bite & Decrease welfare of prey

61
Q

Diet of lizards + chelonians

A

Carnivores/Insectivores/Herbivores/Omnivores, Vary dependant on life-stage

62
Q

What would you feed insectivores?

A

Invertebrates (crickets, mealworms),
Should be gut-loaded & dusted prior with vit + min supplements

63
Q

Why do you need to gut-load + dust invertebrates like crickets + mealworms prior to feeding?

A

Poor calcium:phosphorus, this increases the calcium

64
Q

What should the calcium:phosphorus be?

A

02:01

65
Q

Herbivorous lizards + chelonians

A

Vit + Min supplementation usually needed,
Fruit limited,
Grocery greens not ideal,
Variety of fibre weeds, grasses + vegetables

66
Q

What would the ideal diet be for a herbivrous lizard + chelonians?
Give %

A

75-95% Green-leaf base (weeds), 5-15% Veg, <10% Fruit + Succulents

67
Q

How can you ensure that you are getting the appropraite leafy-greens for herbivourous lizairds + chelonians?

A

Can buy trays + seeds that are designed for them in order to cultivate yourself,
Watercress, Pack choi + Roman are best

68
Q

What are some common husbandry-related diseases?

A

Dysecdysis,
Abscesses/Infection,
Bladder stones/Renal disease - Chronic Dehydration,
Pre- or Post- Ovulatory egg stasis,
Gastrointestinal impaction,
Cloacal prolapses

69
Q

What are some of the reasons why you may have problems with Pre- or Post- Ovulatory stasis?

A

Deficiency in calcium (no vit D or Calcium), Retained eggs (egg-bound)

70
Q

What is preovulatory egg stasis?

A

Follicle remains on ovary,
Never gains shell or ovulated, captive condition, induced ovulatory, no males or cues to ovulate, overtime it takes over a lot of space and starts to get necrotic + solidifies + breaks down with the yolk cavity being released into the cavity-causing peritonitis

71
Q

What nutrional disease may be present due to diet problems?

A

Metabolic bone disease - Nutriontal osteodystrophy, lizards, chelonians = Insufficient calcium in diet, Poor Ca:Phos, Lack of UV light

72
Q

Why is metabolic bone disease not seen in snakes?

A

Often fed on a whole prey diet = bones

73
Q

What reptiles are suseptible to Vit A deficiceny?

A

Tortoises, RET, Leopard geckos = Hypoplasia of cells lining the respiratory tract + skin

74
Q

What nutrtional disease can arise?

A

Obesity/Hepatic lipidosis, Peridontal disease (Liz with acrodont) = Tooth loss

75
Q

A

A

Retracting neck

76
Q

B

A

Plastron

77
Q

C

A

Carapace

78
Q

D

A

Scute

79
Q

E

A

Claws

80
Q

A

A

Gular

81
Q

B

A

Humeral

82
Q

C

A

Pectoral

83
Q

D

A

Abdominal

84
Q

E

A

Femoral

85
Q

F

A

Anal

86
Q

A

A

Vertebral

87
Q

B

A

Costals

88
Q

C

A

Marginals

89
Q

D

A

Nuchal

2 AM - Exotics (10 decks)

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