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MCAT Biology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

seminal vesicles, how semen is made

A

secrete semen into ejaculatory duct

prostate inputs coagulator for sperm and bulbourethral gland contributes neutralizer to make semen

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2
Q

testes

A

spermatogenesis

secretes male hormones (androgens)

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3
Q

seminiferous tubules, how they support sperm growth, where it’s located

A

in testes
formed by sustentacular (Sertoli) cells which are tall and columnal and nourish sperm
spermatogenic cells between these cells undergo meiosis and become sperm
tissue between tubules is called testicular interstitium and is made of interstitial cells that make androgen

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4
Q

path of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferns, inguinal canal, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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5
Q

muscles involved in erection

A

2 side flaps of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

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6
Q

step 1 of ejaculation arousal, para or symp

A

arousal from parasympathetic input

erection: dilation of arteries
lubrication: bulbourethral gland secretes lubricant

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7
Q

step 2 of ejaculation orgasm, para or symp

A

sympathetic input

emission: propulsion of sperm into urethra
ejaculation: semen propelled out

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8
Q

step 3 of ejaculation resolution, para or symp

A

sympathetic input, constriction of erectile arteries

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9
Q

how to make haploid gamete, name in F/M

A

diploid germ cell goes through gametogenesis

in male it is a spermatozoa, in female ova

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10
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of 2 gametes tomake zygote

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11
Q

journey to a sperm from

A

spermatogonium, spermatocyte (gamete precursor), spermatid (finally became haploid), spermatozoan, mature in epididymis (not motile yet), become fully motile by ductus deferens

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12
Q

head and neck of sperm contains

A

haploid nucleus
acrosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes for penetration of ovum
bindin to bind to receptor
neck has many mitochondria

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13
Q

how to stimulate spermatogonium

A

luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary goes to interstitial cells in semnifurous tubules to release testosterone stimulates division of spermatogonium

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14
Q

negative inhibition of sustenacular cells

A

sustenacular cells of semnifurous tubules releases inhibin to inhibit follicle stimulating hormone

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15
Q

similarity between androgen and estrogen, name of each for gender

A

male is testosterone, female is estradiol
high in embryo and puberty
maintain secondary sexual traits

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16
Q

FSH and LH trigger what in M/F, negative feedbacks

A

LH in male: interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH in female: formation of corpus leteum and progesterone secretion causing ovulation

FSH in male: sustenacular cells produce sperm
FSH in female: granulada cells to release estrogen

pituitary inhibited by estrogen, progesterone, inhibin. estrogen also inhibits GnRH

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17
Q

labioscrotal swellings become what in M/F

A

scrotum and labia majora of vagina

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18
Q

analogous structure to penis

A

clitoris

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19
Q

are gonads analogous or homologous structures

A

homologous- from same tissue

20
Q

arousal and orgasm steps in female

A

arousal: erection of clitoris and labia minora, lubrication by greater vestibular glands
orgasm: muscle contraction/cervix widening

21
Q

vestibular glands and bulbourethral glands role in female

A

neutralize vagina for sperm, alkaline into urethra

22
Q

anatomy of female reproductive from fimbrae to vagina

A

fimbrae, fallopian tubes, uterus (endometrium then myometrium of smooth muscle), cervix, labia minora (folds), urethral opening and vagina

23
Q

female germ cell becomes

A

oogonia - either goes through mitosis or arrested in prophase 1 in meiosis because only 400 oocytes ovulate

24
Q

analogous ducts in male and female

A

wolffian duct XY - if develop testosteron and mullerian inhibiting factor
mullerian duct XX

25
Q

testosterone goes to target tissue and gets converted to

A

dihydrotestosterone

26
Q

path to ovulation

A
  1. primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells make up primordial follicle
    - male counterpart of granulosa cell is sustenacular cell
    - granulosa cells produce estrogen during first half of menstruation
  2. granulosa cells proliferate to form protective zona pellucida
    - separated by thecal cells (analogous to interstitial cells so LH works on it)
  3. after ovulation, it bursts and secondary oocyte surrounded by corona radiation is sent to fallopian tube, while follicle cells (corpus luteum) remain to make estrogen and progesterone for second half of menstruation
    - LH induces follicle. so when levels drop, corpus luteum regresses and hormones decrease
27
Q

ovarian cycle: follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phase

A
  1. primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen
    - controlled by FSH from anterior pituitary
  2. secondary oocyte released
    - controlled by LH from anterior pituitary, and follicle becomes corpus luteum
  3. corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone for 2 wks
28
Q

uterine cycle: menstruation, proliferative, secretory phase

A
  1. triggered by corpus luteum breakdown and drop in hormones, uterine lining comes off and bleed
  2. estrogen from follicle induces endometrium proliferation, follicle maturation
  3. after ovulation, hormones go up, endometrium developed. if no ovulation, menstruation after 14 days
29
Q

what happens when pregnant

A

placenta cevelops, corpus luteum maintained instead of LH

hcg: chorion is portion derived from zygote

30
Q

sperm oocyte penetration process

A 
secondary oocyte (fertile for one day), sperm must penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida layer
capacitated sperm (life 2-3 days) uses acrosome reaction to ferilize in uterine tubes. involves diluting inhibitory substances in semen
31
Q

after penetration?

A
  1. acrosomal process of actin w bindin to bind to zona pellucida goes towards zona pellucida
  2. sperm and egg membrane fuse
  3. secondary oocyte completes meiosis 2
  4. ootid and polar body
  5. becomes ovum
  6. nuclei fuse to form zygote
32
Q

how we prevent polyspermy

fast block and slow block

A

fast: depolarization of egg membrane prevents future fusion
slow: Ca2+ influx from deplorazation (cortical reaction) swelling of space between zona pellucida and membrane, and hardening of zone pellucida leads to egg activation

33
Q

embryogenesis

A

fertillization, cleave to form morula, blastocyte, trophoblast which secrete protease to lyse endometrial cells

34
Q

trophoblast and it’s inner cell mass become

A

trophoblast becomes chorion
inner cell mass becomes embryo, amnion (surrounding fluid cavity), yolk sac (first site of RBC synthesis), allantois (forms umbillical cord)

35
Q

placental villi

A

in endometrium they develop to become fetal capillaries

36
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of 3 layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

37
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

nervous system, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, cornea and lens, epidermis, nasal, oral

38
Q

mesoderm becomes

A

muscle, bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymphatic, urogenital organs, dermis

39
Q

endoderm becomes

A

gi tract epithelium, respirtory epithelium, epithelial lining of urogenital

40
Q

gastrulation process

A

3 primary layers form as blastula invaginates with blastopore becoming anus
(in human blastula is embryonic disk)

41
Q

neurulation process

A

formation of nervous system after gastrulation
portion of ectoderm forms neural plate with neural crest cells (epidermis)
neural fold forms under to form neural tube (induced by notochord instructions from mesoderm)

42
Q

when does it become fetus

A

after 8 wks, organs formed

43
Q

types of stem cells

A

totipotent: zygote and morula becomes anything including trophoblast
pluripotent: inner cell mass can be any of 3 germ layers
multipotent: can become anything of a certain layer

44
Q

first, second, and third trimester

A

first: all major organ systems appear
second: develop
third: organs functioning, adipose layer

45
Q

hormones involved in contractions

A

progesterone keeps contractions repressed
oxytocin during pregnancy induces contractions
positive feedback labor contraction presses on posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

46
Q

negative and positive feedback on prolactin

A

prolactin causes milk production
progesterone and estrogen during puberty inhibit
suckling triggers hypothalamus to signal to pituitary gland to release prolactin

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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