Genetics and Evolution

Question 1

interphase, parts of it, steps taken if getting ready for mitosis

Answer 1

where most cells are, development of cell
G1: most of cell’s life, make organelles/proteins
S: if decides to replicate - duplicates DNA
G2: make microtubules

Question 2

G0

Answer 2

phase after G1 where it exits cell cycle and will not ever replicate

Question 3

location of cell cycle checkpoints, what molecules control

Answer 3

between G1 and S
between G2 and M
by cyclin dependent kinases & cyclin
CDK always present but naturally inactive - activated by cyclin
needed for checkpoint to be passed

Question 4

how p53 affects cell cycle

Answer 4

blocks cell progression (tumor suppressor)

Question 5

how p21 affect cell cycle

Answer 5

inhibit cdk (tumor suppressor)

Question 6

how Rb affects cell cycle

Answer 6

needs to be phosphorylated by cdk for cell cycle to happen (tumor suppressor)

Question 7

when does crossing over happen of chromosomes, are cells haploid or diploid after

Answer 7

meiosis: metaphase 1, tetrads are made in prophase 1
cells are haploid
synaptonemal complex made by SYCP1, 2, 3

Question 8

examples of nondisjunction diseases

Answer 8

trisomy 21 (Downs), XO (Turner)

Question 9

pleiotropism

Answer 9

gene mutation affects something random

Question 10

penetrance

Answer 10

likellihood that genotype will actually express phenotype

Question 11

epistasis

Answer 11

expression of gene depends on another
one allele over another is dominant recessive
one gene loci over another is epistasis

Question 12

linkage, recombination frequency

Answer 12

traits that don’t independently assort due to proximity on chromosome
recombination frequency: # of recombinants/total offspring

Question 13

natural selection vs group selection

Answer 13

one helps survival till reproduction, one helps survival after reproduction (help population persist)

Question 14

types of population selection

Answer 14

directional, divergent, stabilizing, artificial, sexual, kin (evolution of altruism, if you give life to save your kin, your gene gets passed on in the relative you saved)

Question 15

prezygotic mating barrier

Answer 15

ecological, temporal, mechanical, gametic

Question 16

postzygotic mating barrier

Answer 16

hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

Question 17

allele frequency equations

Answer 17

p2+2pq+q2 = 1

p+q=1

Question 18

homologous structures

Answer 18

physical feature shared by species w common ancestor

Question 19

analogous structures

Answer 19

same function, different species

Question 20

what radiation causes thyroid cancer, throat/lung cancer, bone marrow/leukemia

Answer 20

radioactive iodine, radioactive gases, ingension of ractioactive heavy metals and XRays

Question 21

coevolution

Answer 21

one species influences influences evolution of another (virus forcing animal to evolve immunity)

Question 22

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Answer 22

help each other, one benefitting off other with no detriment, one benefitting off others downfall