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MCAT Biology > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of Hypothalamus

A

Control center (ADH, oxytocin)
cortisol system -
hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor, stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH, stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which negatively feedbacks onto hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Role of thyroid

A

metabolism (T3, T4), calcitonin (opposes PTH, release Ca2+)

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3
Q

Role of parathyroid

A

increase calcium in body (PTH)

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4
Q

Role of Adrenal Glands

A

cortex makes steroids (cortisol, aldosterone)

medulla makes catecholamines (makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

Role of gonads

A

sex hormones for secondary sex traits

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6
Q

Role of pancreas

A

Controls blood sugar w insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

autocrine hormones

A

hormones that affect cell that makes it

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8
Q

paracrine hormones

A

affect cells in its general region

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9
Q

endocrine hormones

A

affect tissue far away

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10
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

how hypothalamus and pituitary communicate - hypothalamus sends paracrine signals through capillaries

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11
Q

GnRH released from where to where to release what and do what

A

released by hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which releases FSH/LH

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12
Q

CRH released from who to where which stimulates release of what for what

A

from hypothalamus sent to anterior pituitary to release ACTH which stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones

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13
Q

TRH released from where affects release of what why

A

from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which releases TSH which stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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14
Q

GHRH and what if affects and what it makes it release

A

hypothalamus sent to anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

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15
Q

prolactin inhibitory factor, how often it is released from where, what it triggers

A

when it stops being released from hypothalamus that’s what triggers anterior pituitary to release prolactin which is involved in milk production in moms

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16
Q

ADH and oxytocin similarities in where produced and where sent out and their separate roles

A

made in hypothalamus, stored/released from posterior pituitary
ADH- stimulates collecting ducts in kidney to retain water
oxytocin- stimulates uterine contractions

17
Q

2 major ways hormone concentration is controlled

A

metabolized:
extra is uptaken by liver and turned into bile and excreted in digestive system.
some broken down in blood and removed my kidneys
can sweat some out
feedback loop:
T3 and thyroxine from thyroid gland tell pituitary to stop making tsh and hypothalamus to stop making trh

18
Q

3 types of hormone structures, what they’re made of

A
  1. proteins: most of them, range from small to large
    made in RER- golgi- vesicles
    need secondary messengers because can’t enter cell membrane
  2. steroids: made of lipids (cholesterol)
    directly affect transcription/translation
  3. tyrosine derivatives: can act like both proteins and steroids
    examples: thyroid (act like steroids) and catecholamines (act like hormones)
19
Q

process of secondary messenger works

A

hormone attaches to receptor
receptor changes shape to activate adjacent G protein alpha unit changing GDP to GTP
alpha subunit activates adenylate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP (removing 2 phosphates)
alpha subunit falls off to assist protein
cAMP acts in protein activation
GTP hydrolyzed to GDP

20
Q

path from isoprene to steroid

A

isoprene units make up terpene. squalene is a type of terpene which becomes cholesterol which makes up steroids

21
Q

2 classes of steroids + examples

A

sex hormones (estradiol, estrone, progesterone, androgens) and adrenal cortex steroids (cortisone, cortisol, aldosterone)

22
Q

order of events in sending an electrochemical signal, starting from voltage gated Ca2+ channel opening

A
  1. voltage gated Ca2+ channel opens
  2. influx of Ca2+
  3. exocytosis of secretory vesicle
  4. release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitter binds to ligand gated ion channel
  6. ions enter post synaptic cell
  7. membrane polarization
23
Q

peptide hormones, how they work, where they’re made, speed of effect, examples

A

made in RER and golgi
hydrophilic so cannot enter membrane, need secondary messenger cascade
rapid effect, saved in vesicles for use
polypeptide example: insulin, secreted by beta cell of pancreas
amino acid derivative examples: tyrosine used in catecholamines (act like peptide hormone i.e. epinephrine) and thyroid hormone (act like steroid, contain I to enter cell and bind to DNA to activate transcription)

24
Q

hypothalamic pituitary portal system, hormones that travel through them

A

portal system of 2 capillary beds to control hormones

growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

25
Q

ion with physiological endpoint

A

Ca2+

must be maintained at constant level for homeostasis

26
Q

tropic hormones, who releases them

A

hormone that regulates hormones

anterior pituitary releases TSH and ACTH

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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