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MCAT Biology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

origin vs insertion

A

point of attachment closest to middle of body vs point of attachment distant from body

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2
Q

bicep and tricep are

A

antagonistic muscles

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3
Q

tendon, what contraction does to it

A

strong connective tissue made of collagen - contraction brings tendons together

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4
Q

movements of joint: flexing, extending, abducting, adducting

A

flexing: reduce angle of joint
extending: increase angle of joint
abducting: move away from midline
adducting: move toward midline

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5
Q

synergistic muscles

A

muscles that move joint in same direction

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6
Q

muscle held together by

A

fascicle

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7
Q

name of muscle cell, type of cell it is, name of membrane of cell

A 
myofiber
multinucleate synctia (fusion of multiple cells), surrounded by cell membrane sarcolemma
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8
Q

muscle innervated by ____ nerve ending onto the ____ through a ____ with ___

A

single

onto motor end plate through NMJ with ACh

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9
Q

sarcomere A band, H zone, I band

A

A band: length of thick filament
H zone: part of thick filament without thin overlapping (innermost section)
I band: part of thin filament without thick overlapping (outer most section)

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10
Q

sarcomere structure of myosin and actin

A

coming out from middle M line

coming in from Z lines

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11
Q

steps of power stroke

A
  1. crossbridge formed of myson head on actin w ADP w phosphate
  2. powerstroke, ADP released
  3. myson head binds to an ATP
  4. ATP hydrolyzed to ADP
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12
Q

role of Ca2+ in power stroke

A

when Ca2+ increases, troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way on actin so myosin can bind

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13
Q

NMJ mechanism, starts with action potential

A
  1. action potential arrives at axon triggering voltage gated Ca2+
  2. increase in Ca2+ leads to release of ACh vessicles
  3. postsynaptic has ACh receptors which are ligand gated Na+ channels (acetyl cholinesterases eat up the rest)
  4. Na+ influx depolarizes postsynaptic membrane, this is known as end plate potential, which is a combination of MEPPs (mini)
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14
Q

what is a motor unit, motor pool, how does depolarization spread

A

skeletal muscle fibers and neuron that innervates it
T tubules ensure entire myofiber depolarizes
motor pool: group of motor units used to contract a single muscle

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15
Q

frequency summation, what happens if second contraction happens before refractory period

A

if second contraction happens immediately after first

no time for SR to uptake Ca2+, leads to stronger, short contraction

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16
Q

length tension relationship

A

muscle contracts most forcefully at optimum length

17
Q

type 1 and type 2 skeletal muscle fibers

A

type 1: slow twitch, high myoglobin/oxygenation
type 2A: fast twitch oxidative fiber, somewhat fatigue resistant
type 2B: fast twitch, explosive force

18
Q

cardiac vs skeletal muscle

regarding nucleus, Ca2+, how ACh affects, muscle structure

A

cardiac cells each have a nucleus connected by intercalated disks
gets some Ca2+ from extracellular
ACh released by vagus nerve is parasympathetic
skeletal muscle has multinucleated synctia, Ca2+ only comes from sarcoplasmic reticlum, ACh stimulates contraction
both have striated sarcomeres and T tubules

19
Q

smooth muscle size, connections, striation, Ca2+, what they use instead of troponin, how it depolarizes

A

narrower and shorter than skeletal, no need for T tubules
connected by gap junctions like cardiac
no striation thick and thin not organized
no troponin/tropmyosin - calmodulin binds to Ca2+ and activates MLCK which phosphorylates myosin to activate
uses extracellular Ca2+
relies on slow channels to depolarize (no Na+)
fluctuating resting potential
innervated by autonomic motor neurons

20
Q

bone is made of

A

connective tissue

21
Q

fibroblast can become, found in

A

collagen (fibrous), elastin (stretch), osteocyte, adipocyte, chondrocyte)
found in bone

22
Q

round part vs long part of bone

A

epiphysis, diphysis

23
Q

bone substance made of

A

bone matrix and ground substance (mostly proteoglycans)

made of collagen + hydroxyapatite

24
Q

loose vs dense connective tissue is used for

A

loose: packing tissue
dense: tendon, ligament, bone.

25
Q

flat vs long bones used in

A

flat: protection
long: support

26
Q

cartilage secreted by, how does it get nutriets

A

chondrocytes, not vascular so gets nutrients from surrounding fluid

27
Q

3 cartilage types, where they’re used

A

hyaline: strong/flexible, used in larynx/trachea
elastic: support/more flexible, outer ear
fibrous: rigid, used in pelvis

28
Q

parts of compact bone

A

central canal with lemellae around (concentric rings) make up an osteon unit (fundamental unit of compact bone)
sprinkled with osteocytes in lacunae spaces (between lamellae)
lacunae linked by canaliculi which provide routes by which nutrients can reach the osteocytes and waste products can leave them

29
Q

bone to bone join by

A

ligament, called a joint

30
Q

bone to muscle join by

A

tendon

31
Q

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

A

fused joint, slightly mobile, freely mobile

32
Q

freely mobile joint components

A

articular cartilage of synovial capsule keeps contact smooth

filled with synovial fluid

33
Q

how bones grow from the ends (during development), when it stops

A

endochondral ossification at epiphyseal plate (discs of hyaline cartilage, which is made then turned to bone), once plate fuses, it’s done growing

34
Q

how flat bones grow

A

intramembranous ossification from embryonic mesenchyme

35
Q

osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

A

osteoblast secretes matrix for bone formation
osteocyte is osteoblast trapped and dead inside bone, becomes lacuna (hole)
osteoclasts degrade/remodel bones depending on hormone

36
Q

hormones that affect osteoclast

A

calcitonin inhibits
calcitriol increases absorption of Ca2+ and P
PTH stimulates calcitrol

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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