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MCAT Biology > Eukaryotic Cells + brain > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells + brain Flashcards

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1
Q

components of cell membrane

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipid/glycoproteins (act as markers)

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2
Q

types of proteins on cell membrane

A

integral protein: integrated throughout entire membrane (channels (down concentration), carrier protein (against concentration)
peripheral protein: on top of membrane (temporary i.e. a hormone)
lipid bound protein: in the middle of membrane, not exposed

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3
Q

tight junction and where they are

A

watertight seal - bladder, intestine, kidney

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4
Q

desmosome, what can pass, where they are

A

water + ions can pass - skin, intestines

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5
Q

gap junction, where they’re found

A

“tunnel” between cells allow water + ions + action potentials to pass - cardiac muscle, neurons

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6
Q

methods of facilitated diffusion

A

voltage gated ion channel, ligand gated ion channel, carrier proteins (uniport, symport, antiport)

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7
Q

catalytic receptor (enzyme linked receptor)

A

ligand binds to receptor which triggers kinase to phosphorylate proteins

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8
Q

method of simple diffusion, what is limiting factor

A

pore

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9
Q

method of active transport

A

primary and secondary active transport (when ATP is used to create a concentration gradient) ex. NA+/K+ ATPase 3Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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10
Q

ion concentrations in relation to cell

A

K+ inside, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ outside

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11
Q

Mechanism of Na+/K+ pump

A

(phosphorylated) 3Na+ bond to pump, ATP becomes ADP to change conformation, 3Na+ released, (not phosphorylated) 2K+ bond to pump, 2K+ released

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12
Q

resting potential of cell

A

-70mV

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13
Q

microtubules, what they are used in, dynamic or not

A

used in mitotic spindle, intracellular organelle transport, eukaryotic cilia (sweep substances) and flagella (move), internal transport in neurons aka axonal transport (synaptic vesicles, proteins
dynamic

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14
Q

intermediate filament, dynamic or not

A

heterogenous composition, permanent cell structure, help resist mechanical stress

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15
Q

microfilament, what it’s made of, dynamic or not

A

movement of cell during cell division, ameboid movement (movement of shape from within cell)
polymerization of actin
dynamic

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16
Q

structure of microtubule, what it is anchored to

A

made of alpha and beta tubulin dimers
sheets of these are rolled up to make tubes
anchored to microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

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17
Q

2 types of MTOC

A

centrosome, basal body

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18
Q

function of centrosome as MTOC, components, processes during replication

A

near nucleus, has 2 centrioles inside
when cell replicates, centrioles replicate and go to opposite sides of cell
microtubules fan out to bind to kinetichore on centromere

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19
Q

basal body, where they are

A

side of cell, anchored to flagellum or cilia

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20
Q

signal sequence/targeting signal means it will go to either

A

lysosome, rough/smooth ER, golgi

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21
Q

you know it will be an integral membrane protein if it

A

has a transmembrane domain

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22
Q

localizing signal means it will go to either

A

nucleus, mitochondria, or peroxisome

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23
Q

what are colligative properties and name 4 examples

A 
property that depends on # of particles
vapor pressure (high vapor pressure means volatile), boiling pt elevation (solutes anchor to solvent and wont evaporate), freezing pt depression, osmotic pressure  (pressure to stop osmosis from happening)
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24
Q

clathrin dependent endocytosis

A

something binds to receptor, after enough receptors are bound, clathrin is recruited underneath to form a clathrin coated pit, which is then endocytosed and uncoated

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25
Q

cell cycle split into 2

A

interphase + M phase

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26
Q

subsets of interphase

A

G1, S (replicates genome), G2

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27
Q

subsets of M phase

A

Prophase (genome condenses, nucleolus disappears, spindle/kinetochore centrioles go to poles)
metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis

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28
Q

4 things that contribute to cancer

A

oncogene, oxidative stress, regenerative capacity, senescence (aging/telomeres)

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29
Q

oncogene, what they start off as, what other gene can surpres it

A

protooncogene, tumor suppressor gene p53 triggers apoptosis

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30
Q

apoptosis process, what enzyme contributes to this

A

cell shrinks, breaks cytoskeleton, cell surface protein signals phages
caspases: cysteines cleave at asps
initiator caspases respond to signal and clump together to activate effector caspases to cleave

31
Q

order of events in a membrane potential, starting wit voltage gated Na+ channels opening at -50mV

A

at +35, voltage gated Na+ inactivates, K+ channels open

at under -70 voltage gated K+ channels close

32
Q

saltatory conduction

A

impulse jumps over Schwann cells by nodes of Ranvier

33
Q

absolute refractory period

A

neuron cannot fire to do voltage gated Na+ deactivation

34
Q

relative refractory period

A

greater stimulus is required to stimulate an impulse

35
Q

type of neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction

A

ACh

36
Q

temporal summation

A

multiple impulses to add up until they reach threshold

37
Q

spatial summation

A

impulses from multiple places to add up to moment that exceeds threshold

38
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

sensory neuron to motor neuron that synapses on muscle

39
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

sensory neuron synapses on motor neuron to flex one muscle and inhibitory interneuron to relax other muscle

40
Q

PNS somatic (voluntary) process

A

CNS to dorsal root ganglion uses ACh on somatic effector

41
Q 
PNS autonomic (involuntary) process
difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic
A

CNS to preganglionic neuron which releases ACh to postganglionic neuron that releases ACh on autonomic NE effector

sympathetic: shorter pre + longer post, cell bodies in thoracic/lumbar
parasympathetic: longer pre + shorter post, cell bodies in sacral

42
Q

CNS is comprised of

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

43
Q

hindbrain consists of 3 parts

A

medulla: vital autonomic functions
pons: coordinates movement and balance
cerebellum: smooth execution of movement, hand-eye coordination

44
Q

midbrain is responsible for

A

visual and auditory info, responsible for wakefulness

45
Q

forebrain consists of 2 parts

A

diencephalon: thalamus to process sensory info, hypothalamus to control emotions
telencephalon: L side for speech connected by corpus callosum to R side for visual spatial reasoning

46
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary movements, problem solving

47
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation + movement

48
Q

temporal lobe

A 
auditory, short term memory, emotion, language
has hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion)
49
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual

50
Q

basal nuclei

A

deep inside, voluntary motor control

51
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus.

The amygdala is the emotion center of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences.
The thalamus regulates alertness and sensation processing
hypothalamus are associated with changes in emotional reactivity.
The cingulate gyrus coordinates smells and sights with pleasant memories, induces an emotional reaction to pain, and helps regulate aggressive behavior.
The basal ganglia is a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes; its functions include organizing motor behavior and coordinating rule-based, habit learning.

52
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

exteroceptor, interoceptor, mechanoreceptor (vestibular hair cells in ear, pacinian corpuscle for pain), chemoreceptor (olfactory receptors in nasopharynx, taste buds including taste pore and hair), nociceptor, thermoceptor, electromagnetic receptor (photoreceptor)

53
Q

4 things CNS needs to know about a message

A

modality (type of stimulus), location, intensity (frequency of action potential), duration

54
Q

how does your body adapt to a constant impulse

A

decrease in firing frequency when intensity of stimulus is constant

55
Q

3 types of propriocepters

A

awareness of self
joint capsule receptor: detects pressure in joints
golgi tendon organ: monitor tension in tendon
muscle spindle: measure of muscle stretch

56
Q

outer ear consists of

A

pinna, auditory canal

57
Q

order of events when hearing a sound

A
  1. sound wave vibrates eardrum
  2. vibration cross tympanic membrane and moves to malleus, then to incus, then to stapes (bones of middle ear arranged to amplify sound)
  3. (semicircular canal, urricle, saccule used for balance, detect rotational acceleration)
  4. vibrations in oval window create waves in perilymph and endolymph in cochlea
  5. (round window releases extra pressure)
  6. endolymph causes vibrations in basilar membrane of cochlea (pitch changes region that vibrates)
  7. hairs on cochlea drag across tectorial membrane
  8. this opens ion channels in hair cells to release neurotransmitter
  9. afferent neurons are stimulated, sending nerve impulse (louder means more frequent action potentials)
  10. (eustachian tube goes to back of throat and equalizes pressure)
58
Q

absolute threshold for hearing

A

50% of sensory receptors activated

59
Q

difference threshold for hearing

A

percentage difference needed to notice

60
Q

photoreceptors are made of special pigment proteins called, how they work

A

opsin & retinal

retinal becomes converted to all-trans form, closes Na+ channel, hyperpolarizes

61
Q

macula, what it’s used for

A

center is fovea centralis, has one cone that helps focus on items directly

62
Q

where light is focused, 2 types of cells that make up it and how they translate to vision

A

cones (light) and rods (darkness) depolarize when dark, release glutamate, bipolar cell synpases on ganglion cell whose axons converge to make optic nerve (optic disk is the blind spot), which goes to the occipital lobe

63
Q

layers of eye

A

from side: sclera, choroid (dark cells to absorb excess light), retina, vitreous chamber with vitreous humor
from front: cornea (clear area that light enters), anterior chamber with aqueous humor, iris with pupil splitting it, posterior chamber (back has lens to fine tune angle of light, controlled by ciliary muscle)

64
Q

name of normal vision, defects in vision

A

emmetropia

myopia: too much curvature, near sightedness (concave fix)
hyperopia: not curved enough, far sightedness (convex fix)

65
Q

feature detection theory

A

different areas of brain activate depend on what we’re looking at

66
Q

parallel processing of vision

A

many aspects of visual information processed simultaneously

67
Q

4 outcomes of signal detection

A

hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

68
Q

ER lumen most similar to

A

interior of golgi, interior of secretory vesicles, extracellular environment

69
Q

when does genome of mitochondria and chloroplast replicate

A

G1 phase (when organelles reproduced)

70
Q

resting membrane potential dictated by

A

K+ leaky channels

blocking them would make the potential less negative

71
Q

does ATP affect delta G

A

yes

more negative delta G makes reaction go forwards and ATP hydrolysis helps that

72
Q

the ATP on NA+/K+ ATPase is on which side of membrane

A

inside

on the K+ side (used to move the Na+ out)

73
Q

which will have a higher ion flux across membrane 1mM

to 10mM or 10mM to 11mM

A

10mM to 11mM

net flux

74
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

in frontal lobe

emotional impulses, facial expression interpretation, motivation

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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