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MCAT Biology > Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune System > Flashcards

Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

type of cells that line blood vessels, what processes they are responsible for

A

endothelial cells - vasodilation/constriction, inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis

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2
Q

path of deoxygenated blood from body

A

extremities into superior and inferior vena cava - R atrium - tricuspid AV valve - R ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery to lungs

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3
Q

path of oxygenated blood from lungs

A

oxygenated blood from lungs to pulmonary vein - L atrium - bicuspid AV valve - L ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta to body

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4
Q

diastole, which quadrants are relaxed or contracting, pressure at what time

A

pressure between heartbeats

ventricles relaxed, atria contracts blood into ventricles

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5
Q

systole, which quadrants are relaxed or contracting, pressure at what time

A

pressure during heartbeats

semilunar valves open, ventricles contracting, blood rushing up and out

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6
Q

which side of heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

R - deoxygenated

L - oxygenated

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7
Q

coronary arteries, where they branch off of, what they do

A

branch from aorta, supply blood to wall of heart

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8
Q

coronary veins, where they merge into

A

merge to coronary sinus into R atrium, blood coming back from heart

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9
Q

cardiac output formula, how to increase

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
how to increase: increase heart rate, frank sterling mechanism (increase venous return with contraction of larger veins and increase total volume)

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10
Q

functional synctium

A

cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions in intercalated disks and thus the entire myocardium behaves as a single unit

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11
Q

where initiation of heartbeats starts at, what makes it more conducive to starting

A

SA node in R atrium (pacemaker), has most Na+ leak channels to spontaneously depolarize

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12
Q

order of events in depolarization of SA node

A

membrane potential at -50V (higher than usual due to leaky Na+ channels), slow self depolarization, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open for depolarization, repolarization as Ca2+ closes and K+ channels open through voltage gated channels

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13
Q

order of events in membrane potential of cardiac muscle

A
  1. fast depolarization with Na+ channel opening
  2. initial repolarization as Na+ inactivate and K+ open
  3. plateau as Ca2+ open
  4. repolarization as Ca2+ close
  5. flatten out as K+ close (dictated by Na+/K+ ATPase and K+ leakage)
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14
Q

how heart beat electric impulse travels down heart

A

SA node — internodal tract very fast —-AV node—- passes through ventricles—AV bundle—Purkinje fibers

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15
Q

sympathetic control of cardiac muscle

A

adrenal medulla releases epinephrine that leads to HR increase

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16
Q

parasympathetic control of cardiac muscle

A

ACh inhibits depolarization of SA node via postganglionic axon of vagus nerve

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17
Q

location of baroreceptors in heart, how they control HR

A

in aortic arch and carotid arteries

if high pressure, increase vagal (parasympathetic) tone and lower sympathetic input

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18
Q

formula of hemodynamics (pressure in blood flow)

A

delta P = cardiac output x resistance

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19
Q

determinants of heart resistance

A

precapillary sphincters, constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle by sympathetic increases adrenergic tone

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20
Q

adrenergic vs vagal tone

A

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

21
Q

blood vessels from high to low pressure

A

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

22
Q

blood composition 3 things in terms of density

A

plasma (54%) - electrolytes, glucose, hormones, buffers, albumin (maintain osmotic pressure in capillaries due to plasma composition
leukocyte (1%)
hematocrit )45%) - immunoglobin, fibrinogen, lipoproteins, urea

23
Q

why O2 needs to be carried on hemoglobin

A

too hydrophobic to be in plasma

24
Q

how RBCs are stimulated to be made

A

kidney release EPO - stimulates bone marrow to make RBC production

25
Q

type of cell RBC is, how it makes energy

A

cell w/o nucleus or organelles, relies on glycolysis

26
Q

danger of Rh- mom giving birth to an Rh+ baby

A

anti Rh antibodies carry over from mom leading to hemolytic disease of newborn
inject mom with anti Rh antibodies to destroy stray Rh+ from baby

27
Q

3 main types of leukocytes

A

monocyte, lymphocyte, granulocyte

28
Q

monocyte, role, how they move

A

macrophage, phagcytose debris/microorganisms, have amoeboid motility (can squeeze out of capillary intercellular junctions), chemotaxis (move directed by chemical stimuli)

29
Q

lymphocyte, 2 types, how they work

A

B cell- produce antibodies
immature B cell has antigen bind to antibody, and it proliferates into plasma cell or memory cell
T-cell - kills virus, infected cells or tumor cells

30
Q

granulocyte 3 types

A

neutrophil: phagocytose bacteria, amoeboid motility, chemotaxis
eosinophil: destroy parasite, allergic reactions
basophil: store and release histamine, allergic reaction

31
Q

heme, tense vs relaxed, how many O2 it can carry, how it binds O2

A

tense when it has 0, not open to binding O2
relaxed when it has at least 1, more open to binding
Bohr effect, low pH, high CO2, high temp, doesn’t bind to O2

32
Q

process of forming a clot, defects lead to what disease

A

fragmentation of bone marrow called megakaryocyte - becomes platelet
fibrinogen cleaved by enzyme thrombin to make fibrin
fibrin + platelet stops bleeding
defects lead to hemophilia

33
Q

how is CO2 transported in blood

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+ through carbonic anhydrase

some stuck on hemoglobin, dissolved in blood

34
Q

how does exchange of goods happen in capillaries

A

single layer of endothelial cells

nutrients, waste, WBC pass through intercellular cleft

35
Q

path of nutrients (amino acids and glucose) from digestive tract

A

digestive tract - hepatic portal vein - liver - bloodstream

36
Q

path of fat from intestine

A

intestine - fat becomes chylomicron - lacteals to drain into vein in neck OR - chylomicron in lymph vessels in intestine - liver - become lipoprotein - adipocyte for storage

37
Q

how liver removes waste

A

through bile

38
Q

how does capillary naturally regulate oncotic pressure, potential side effect of it not workingt

A

high osmolarity of tissue makes H2O leave capillary
hydrostatic pressure of heart makes H2O leave capillary
leading to high osmolarity due to albumin (big and bulky) leading to high oncotic pressure
inflammation leading to edema

39
Q

lymphatic system, major duct of system

A

one way flow system - lymph filtered in lymph nodes, thoracic duct in chest

40
Q

5 types of innate immunity

A
  1. skin
  2. lysozyme in tears, saliva, blood (destroy bacterial cell wall)
  3. acidity of stomach acid kills pathogens
  4. macrophages and neutrophils
  5. complement system (20 types of blood proteins that nonspecifically bind)
41
Q

humoral immunity, variable and constant region

A 
detect epitope (small part of big that antibody recognizes) or a hapten molecule carried by a carrier
constant region is bottom 3/4, variable is top half of light chain (heavy chain combo) where antigen binds
42
Q

types of constant region IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE

A 
IgM: blood and B cell surface, initial immune response
IgG: blood, immune response
IgD: B cell surface antigen receptor
IgA: secretions
IgE: allergies, blood
43
Q

primary and secondary immune response

A

primary: B cells proliferate, takes a week
secondary: if primary works it never gets to this point

44
Q

2 types of T cells

A 
T helpers release lymphokines and interleukins (CD4, activate B cells and T killer cells)
T killers (CD8) destroy abnormal host cells like virus infected, cancer cells, foreign cells
45
Q

MHC, 2 classes

A

class of surface proteins on all our cells
MHC1: picks up random peptides and display, which allows T cell to monitor cellular components
-if T cell detects viral protein, activates and proliferates
MHC2: only some cells have it including macrophages and B cells (antigen presenting cells)
-Job is to phagocyte particles and present parts of it which activates T helper which activates B cell

46
Q

how RBCs are replenished

A

spleen filters blood and destroys old RBCs, bone marrow stem cells produce blood cells

47
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus - smaller in adults because developed

48
Q

what are tonsils, another similar organ

A

masses of lymphatic tissue to catch pathogens - appendix is similar

49
Q

tolerance, how B cell and T cell contribute

A

process that makes sure immune system only recognizes foreign material
in bone marrow, B cell has receptor that bind to normal cells, it will become anergic (unresponsive)
in thymus, T cell that has receptor that binds to normal cell will go through apoptosis

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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