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A&p2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads (testes and ovaries) produce…

A

Gametes (sperm or eggs) and sex hormones

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2
Q

When is HPG axis established?

A

Puberty

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

-Basis of gamete production
-consists of 2 consecutive nuclear divisions w/o DNA replication in between
-reduces chromosomal # by 1/2 and introduces genetic variability.
-synapsis- fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis
-crossing over if homologous chromosomes (prophase 1)
-Is involved only in production of gametes:
-spermatozoa in males
-ova in females
-Human body cells contain ____________ chromosomes (23 Pairs) :
-meiosis divides chromosomes in half
-gametes contain 23 chromosomes
-They are haploid

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

-Is part of somatic division
-Produces 2 diploid daughter cells:
-both have identical pairs (23) of chromosomes

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5
Q

HPG

A

Hormonal interrelationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads that regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones

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6
Q

Reproductive system

A

-Gonads:
▪ organs that produce gametes and sex hormones
-Ducts:
▪ receive and transport gametes
-Accessory glands:
▪ secrete fluids into ducts
-Perineal structures:
▪ collectively known as external genitalia

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7
Q

What is the final outcome of meiosis?

A

Meiosis reduces the chromosomal count from 2n to n and introduces variability

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8
Q

What is the final outcome of meiosis?

A

Meiosis reduces the chromosomal count from 2n to n and introduces variability

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9
Q

Pathway of Spermatoza

A

■ Testis
■ Epididymis
■ Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
■ Ejaculatory duct
■ Urethra
Accessory Organs
■ Secrete fluids into ejaculatory ducts:
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral glands

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10
Q

Give examples of homologous reproductive structures in males and females

A

Structures that share common origin during development and function

Testes- M ovaries- F

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11
Q

Gonads

A

Primary reproductive organ testes and ovaries

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12
Q

External male genitalia

A

■ Scrotum:
-encloses testes
■ Penis:
-erectile organ
-contains distal portion of urethra

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13
Q

Describe the HPG axis and its activation at puberty

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, is a complex endocrine system that regulates reproductive development and function by involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads;

at puberty, the HPG axis becomes activated, leading to increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which then stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), causing the gonads to produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, marking the onset of puberty

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14
Q

Testis

A

■ egg-shaped
■ 5 cm long, 3 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick
■ Weighs 10–15 g
■ Hangs in scrotum
The Scrotum
■ Is a fleshy pouch
■ Suspended inferior to perineum
■ Anterior to anus
■ Posterior to penis

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15
Q

Testis

A

■ egg-shaped
■ 5 cm long, 3 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick
■ Weighs 10–15 g
■ Hangs in scrotum
The Scrotum
■ Is a fleshy pouch
■ Suspended inferior to perineum
■ Anterior to anus
■ Posterior to penis

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16
Q

Define meiosis

A

process in which a single (diploid) cell divides twice to produce four daughter cells which contain half the original amount of genetic information (haploid). - process that produces our sperm and egg cells, and the reproductive gametes of other organisms as well.

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17
Q

Compare and contrast meiosis to mitosis

A

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells while meiosis produces 4 haploid cells with different genetic info in each cell

Organisms that under sexual reproduction meiosis

Eukaryotes- mitosis

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18
Q

The fetus: formation of testes

A

■ Testes form inside body cavity:
-are adjacent to kidneys
The Fetus: Gubernaculum Testis
■ Is a bundle of connective tissue
■ Extends from testis to pockets of peritoneum
■ Locks testes in position (near anterior abdominal wall) as fetus grows
Descent of the Testes
■ During seventh month:
-fetus grows rapidly
■ Circulating hormones:
■ cause gubernaculum testis to stop growing
■ testis are pulled into the scrotum accompanied by peritoneal cavity

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19
Q

Scrotum

A

-Contains the testes
-provides temp slightly lower than body temp as required to produce viable sperm

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20
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

■ One or both testes have failed to descend by birth
■ Corrective surgery is needed before puberty
■ If both testes are cryptorchid the individual will be sterile

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21
Q

Testis and lobules

A

Each testes is covered externally by a tunica albuginea that extends internally to divide the testis into many lobules.

Each lobule contains sperm-producing senuniferous tubules

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22
Q

Accessory structure of male reproductive system

A

-Accompany testis during descent
-Form body of spermatic cord:
-ductus deferens
-testicular blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
-Extend between abdominopelvic cavity and testes
-Consists of layers of fascia and muscle
Pathway of Spermatic Cord
-Passes through inguinal canal
-Descends into scrotum
The Inguinal Canals
-Are passageways through abdominal musculature
-Form during development as testis descend into scrotum

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23
Q

Male inguinal hernias

A

■ Are protrusions of visceral tissues into inguinal canal
■ Spermatic cord (in closed inguinal canal):
-causes weak point in abdominal wall

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24
Q

Name the tubular structures in the testes that act as “sperm factories”

A

Seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

Carlos and Jennifer have been trying to start a family. Carlos spends his daily 2 hour commute working with his laptop on his lap. How might this affect his fertility?

A

Balancing his laptop on his lap for 2 hours a day might affect his fertility by increasing the temp inside scrotum. Increased testicular temp decrease fertility

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26
Q

Female inguinal canals

A

■ Are very small
■ Contain ilioinguinal nerves and round ligaments of the uterus

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27
Q

Muscle activity and the pampiniform venous plexus help to keep temp of testes at homeostatic levels. How do they do that?

A

When ambient temp is cold= associated muscles relax allowing testes to hang away from body wall. Pampiniform venous plexus absorbs heat from arterial 🩸, cooling the 🩸 before it enters the testes

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28
Q

The scrotum

A

■ Is divided into 2 chambers, or scrotal cavities
■ Each testis lies in a separate scrotal chamber
Raphe
■ Is a raised thickening in scrotal surface
■ Marks partition of 2 scrotal chambers

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29
Q

Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum

A

The testes are the primary reproductive organ of the male, producing both sperm and testosterone.
The testes are divided into lobules with seminiferous tubules inside, where sperm are produced.
Interstitial cells are found in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone.

•The scrotum is a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis and houses the testes.
It provides an environment 3° below the core body temperature.
oIt responds to temperature changes.

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30
Q

Epididymis

A

-hugs the external surface of the testis
-serves as site for sperm maturation and storage

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31
Q

Dartos muscle

A

■ Is a layer of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum
■ Causes characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface

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32
Q

Ductus (bad) deferens

A

-extending from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, propels sperm into the urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation
-it’s terminus fuses w/ the duct of the seminal gland, forming the ejaculatory duct, which empties into the urethra w/in the prostate

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33
Q

Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the epididymis to the body exterior. Which of these organs runs from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity.

A

-ductus deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-prostatic urethra
-intermediate part of urethra
-spongy urethra

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34
Q

What are the 2 functions of the stereocilia on the epididymal epithelium

A

Pass nutrients to the sperm and absorb excess testicular fluid

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35
Q

What are the 2 functions of the stereocilia on the epididymal epithelium

A

Pass nutrients to the sperm and absorb excess testicular fluid

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36
Q

Compare and contrast the roles of each part of the male reproductive duct system

A

Semineferous Tubules: production of sperm
Epididymis: sperm matures here
Ductus Deferens: carry sperm
Ejactulatory duct: carry sperm towards urethra:propels
Urethra: conveys urine and semen

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37
Q

The penis is largely made of…

A

Erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa)

38
Q

Male perineum

A

-suspends scrotum and penis
-region encompassed by pubic symphysis, ischial, tuberosities, and coccyx

39
Q

What is the function of the corpora cavernosa?

A

Coropora cavernosa allow the penis to become stiff so that it can enter the female vagina to deliver sperm

40
Q

What is the function of the corpora cavernosa?

A

Coropora cavernosa allow the penis to become stiff so that it can enter the female vagina to deliver sperm

41
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

■ Is a layer of skeletal muscle deep to external spermatic fascia
■ Tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body (temperature regulation)

42
Q

What name is given to the external region where the penis and scrotum are suspended.

A

Male premium

43
Q

Describe the location, structure, and function of the penis.

A

The penis is the male organ used for urination and sexual intercourse. The penis is located above the scrotum. It is made of spongy tissue and blood vessels. The shaft of the penis surrounds the urethra and is connected to the pubic bone

44
Q

Temp regulation (male reproductive system)

A

-Normal sperm development in testes:
-requires temperatures 1-3°C (2-5°F) lower than body temperature
-muscles relax to contract
-to move testes away or toward the body
-to maintain acceptable testicular temperatures

45
Q

Accessory glands

A

-Seminal glands
-prostate
-bulbo-urethral glands

46
Q

Semen

A

Secretions of male secretory glands

Contains fructose from the seminal glands, an activating fluid from the prostate, and mucus from the bulbo-urethral glands

Alkaline fluid that dilutes and transports sperm

Important chemicals in semen are nutrients, prostaglandins, and antibiotic chemicals

47
Q

Arthur, age 68, has trouble urinating. What is his most probable condition?

A

Arthur probably has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (recall that that prostate cancer is usually symptomless, whereas BOH is characterized by difficult urination)

48
Q

Testicular 🩸 Supply

A

■ Testicular arteries arise from abdominal aorta
■ Testicular veins arise from pampiniform venous plexus surrounding each testicular artery
o Cooler; absorb heat from testicular arteries
o Keep testes cool

49
Q

Compare the roles of the seminal glands and the prostate

A

Prostrate gland is a male reproductive organ which secretes prostrate fluid which is a component of semen. The seminal vesicles secretes a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen.

50
Q

Structure of testes: tunica albuginea

A

■ Is a dense layer of connective tissue
■ Is rich in collagen fibers
■ Is deep to tunica vaginalis
■ Continuous with fibers surrounding epididymis
■ Fibers extend into substance of testis
■ Form fibrous partitions, or septa:
-converge near entrance to epididymis
■ Supports:
-blood and lymphatic vessels of testis
▪ efferent ductules

51
Q

Discuss the sources and functions of semen

A

primarily originates from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the testes (including the epididymis), with each contributing different components that collectively nourish and transport sperm to facilitate fertilization in the female reproductive tract

52
Q

Discuss the sources and functions of semen

A

primarily originates from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the testes (including the epididymis), with each contributing different components that collectively nourish and transport sperm to facilitate fertilization in the female reproductive tract

53
Q

SNS or PNS controls erection

A

Parasympathetic reflex’s controls erection

54
Q

SNS or PNS controls erection

A

Parasympathetic reflex’s controls erection

55
Q

Structures of the testes: the seminiferous tubules

A

-Septa subdivide testis into 250 lobules
-Lobules contain about 800 slender and tightly-coiled seminiferous tubules
-Produce sperm
-Each is about 80 cm long
-Testis contains about 1/2 mile of tightly-coiled seminiferous tubules
Each Seminiferous Tubule
-Forms a loop connected to rete testis:
-a network of passageways

56
Q

Ejaculation

A

-SNS
-increased pulse
-increased 🩸 pressure

57
Q

Structures of the testes: efferent ductules

A

■ 15–20 large efferent ductules:
-connect testis to epididymis

58
Q

Structures of the testes: efferent ductules

A

■ 15–20 large efferent ductules:
-connect testis to epididymis

59
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of male gametes in the seminiferous tubules, begins at puberty

60
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Þ rete testis Þ efferent ductules Þ epididymis

Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig)

A

■ Produce androgens:
-dominant male sex hormones
■ Testosterone:
-the most common androgen

61
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Þ rete testis Þ efferent ductules Þ epididymis

Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig)

A

■ Produce androgens:
-dominant male sex hormones
■ Testosterone:
-the most common androgen

62
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

-located in connective tissue between seminiferous tubules
-secretes testosterone

63
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

-located in connective tissue between seminiferous tubules
-secretes testosterone

64
Q

Spermatogonia

A

-divide by mitosis to maintain the germ cell line
-some of their progeny become primary spermatocytes which undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes
-secondary spermatocytes undergo cures undergo meiosis II, each producing 2 haploid (n) spermatids

65
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Converts spermatides to functional sperm, stripping away superfluous cytoplasm and producing an acrosome and a flagellum (tail)

66
Q

Sustentocytes

A

For 🩸 testis barrier, nourish spermatogenic cells, move them toward the lumen of the tubules, and secrete fluid for sperm transport

67
Q

Describe the histology of the seminiferous tubules of the testes of sustenocytes

A

The seminiferous tubules are lined by a complex stratified epithelium containing two distinct populations of cells, spermatogenic cells, that develop into spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells which have a supportive and nutrient function.

68
Q

Describe the major structural and functional regions of a sperm

A

Sperm head is the compacted DNA-containing nucleus. The acrosome that caps the head is a lysosome-like sac of enzymes. The midpiece contains the energy-producing mitochondria. Tail=falgellum

69
Q

What is the role of sustenocytes? Of intestinal endocrine cells.

A

Sustenocytes provide nutrient and essential developmental signals to the developing sperm and form the 🩸 testis barrier that prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the 🩸.

Intestinal endocrine cells secrete testosterone

70
Q

Sustenocytes

A

-form the 🩸 testis barrier, nourish spermatogenic cells, move them toward the lumen of the tubules, and secrete fluid for sperm transport

71
Q

Outline the events of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogenesis begins with spermatogonia, which contains the diploid number of chromosomes. When spermatogonia undergo mitosis, some remain near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule in an undifferentiated state to protect the sperm from the body destroying them. The rest leave the basement membrane and squeeze through the tight junctions of the blood-testis barrier and differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
  2. Primary spermatocytes undergo DNA replication and then begin Meiosis 1, in which the chromosomes line up and crossing over occurs. The mitotic spindle then pulls one chromosome of each pair to the opposite pole of the dividing cell. The two cells produced are called secondary spermatocytes.
  3. Each secondary spermatocyte has 23 chromosomes (haploid). Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids still attached by a centromere. In Meiosis 2, the chromoscomes line up single file along the metaphase plate and the two chromatids of each chromosome separate. The four haploid cells produced are called spermatids.
  4. The final stage of spermatogenesis is spermiogenesis. An acrosome forms on top of the nucleus which condenses and elongates, a flagellum develops, mitochondria multiply, and sperm are released from their Sertoli cell connections.
72
Q

Hormonal regulation of testicular function by HPG

A

1) hypothalamus releases GnRH, which reaches the anterior pituitary via hypophyseal portal veins
2)GnRH causes anterior pituitary gonaditropic cells to release FSH and LH
3)FSH indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by causing sustenocytes to release ABP, which keeps the local concentration of testosterone high
4) LH stimulates intestinal endocrine cells to secrete testosterone, which is essential for spermatogenesis
5)testosterone acts as other body sites (e.g., to stimulate maturation of sex organs, decelopement and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, and libido)
6)(-) feedback by testosterone inhibits FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary and GnRH release from the hypothalamus
7)inhibin released by sustenocytes feeds back on the anterior pituitary decreasing FSH release
6

73
Q

FSH

A

Causes symustenocytes to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)

74
Q

LH

A

Stimulates intestinal endocrine cells to release testosterone, which bonds to ABP, stimulating spermatogenesis

75
Q

Testosterone

A

-feeds back to inhibit the hypothesis and anterior pituitary
-stimulates maturation of male reproductive organs and triggers the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the male
-It exerts anabolic effects on the skeleton and skeletal muscles
-stimulates spermatogenesis
-responsible for male sex drive

76
Q

Inhibin

A

-released by sustenocytes
-inhibits FSH release

77
Q

Maturation of hormonal controls- when does it occur and for how long

A

Puberty

For 3 years

78
Q

How does FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

FSH indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by prompting sustenocytes to secrete androgen-binding protein. ABP keeps the concentration of testosterone high in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells, which directly stimulates spermatogenesis

79
Q

What are the 3 secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone?

A

Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, deepening of the voice, increased oiliness of the skin, and increased size (length and mass) of the bones and skeletal muscles

80
Q

Suppose the intestinal endocrine cells became dysregulated and secreted large amounts of testosterone. What would happen to 🩸 levels of GnRH, FS, and LH? Explain.

A

Testosterone has (-) feedback effects on GnRH release from the hypothalamus and on gonadotopin release from anterior pituitary. So if testosterone 🩸 levels are high, 🩸 levels of GnRH, FSH, and LH would be low

81
Q

Discuss hormonal regulation if testicular function and the physiological effects of testosterone on male reproductive anatomy

A

Puberty- hypothalamus increase action of anterior pituitary gland
LH- stimulates leydig (interstitial endocrine cells) cells to secrete testosterone
FSH- stimulates spermatogenesis
Testosterone and DHT bind to receptors in cell nucleus and change genetic activity
- produced by interstitial endocrine cells
- at puberty first development of 2nd sexual characteristics
—-libido
-all negative feed back-> steady sperm production

82
Q

5 functions of testosterone

A

■ Stimulates spermatogenesis:
▪ promoting functional maturation of spermatozoa
■ Affects ___________________ function:
▪ libido (sexual drive) and related behaviors
■ Stimulates metabolism:
▪ especially protein synthesis
▪ blood cell formation
▪ muscle growth
■ Establishes male secondary sex characteristics:
▪ distribution of facial hair
▪ increased muscle mass and body size
▪ characteristic adipose tissue deposits
■ Maintains accessory ___________________ and organs of male reproductive tract

83
Q

Physiology of erection

A

■ Ejaculation (orgasm) follows immediately as sympathetic stimuli cause rhythmic contractions that forcefully expel the ejaculum from the urethra.
▪ Following ejaculation (orgasm), sympathetic stimulation brings about a fairly rapid Detumescence (a return to flaccidity) (Why?)
■ Central artery constriction
■ Contraction of smooth muscle inside erectile tissue
■ the same identical mechanism is responsible for clitoral erection

■ Damage to sacral cord elements or to nervi erigentes will result in neurologic impotence - inability to achieve or maintain an erection.
■ NO acts on vascular smooth muscle to activate guanylate cyclase which acts on GTP to convert it into c-GMP, a second messenger.
■ c-GMP acts to cause smooth muscle relaxation in the penile arteries, thus increasing and sustaining blood flow to the penis and therefore erection. (what does Viagra do?)

84
Q

Physiology of erection

A

■ Relevance for men with spinal cord injuries?
■ Neuronal outflow is via S2 - S4 sacral spinal nerves which give rise to parasympathetic motor neurons–the nervi erigentes.
■ These ___________________ synapse with the endothelium of penile arteries and use ACh for their neurotransmitter.
■ Stimulation of endothelium with ACh results in the endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO).
■ Nitric oxide diffuses into muscularis of penile arteries causing relaxation (vasodilation).
■ This increases blood flow to the penis
■ Blood begins to fill the sinusoids of spongy tissues (corpora) and leads to venus compression.
■ As blood continues to enter the penis, the spongy spaces maximally fill and, as a result of this, vascular engorgement (Erection) occurs.
■ Continued stimulation of the penis (glans) results in sympathetic takeover.
■ These sympathetic motor neurons emerge from T12 - L2 cord levels

85
Q

Testosterone development

A

■ Testosterone production:
▪ begins around seventh week of fetal development
▪ reaches prenatal peak after 6 months
■ Secretion of Müllerian inhibiting factor:
▪ by sustentacular cells
▪ leads to shrinking of Müllerian ducts (which become the Uterine Tubes in the female)
■ Early surge in testosterone levels:
▪ stimulates differentiation of male duct system and accessory organs
▪ affects CNS development
■ Testosterone programs hypothalamic centers that control:
▪ GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion
▪ sexual behaviors

86
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

■ Is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase in many prostate cells
■ Defuses back out into the circulation
■ Some reproductive tissues are stimulated by DNT either:
▪ exclusively (external genitalia)
▪ or preferentially (prostate gland)

87
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

■ Is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase in many prostate cells
■ Defuses back out into the circulation
■ Some reproductive tissues are stimulated by DNT either:
▪ exclusively (external genitalia)
▪ or preferentially (prostate gland)

88
Q

Inhibin

A

■ Inhibits FSH production:
▪ in anterior pituitary gland
■ May suppress secretion of GnRH:
▪ at hypothalamus

89
Q

Blood flow

A

■ In resting state:
-arterial branches are constricted
-muscular partitions are tense

90
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

■ 2 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue:
-under anterior surface of flaccid penis
-separated by thin membrane
-encircled by dense collagenous sheath

91
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

■ Surrounds penile urethra
-Called the spongy urethra here
■ Is relatively slender
■ Extends from urogenital diaphragm to tip of penis
■ Expands to form the glans
■ Is surrounded by a sheath:
-with more elastic fibers than corpora cavernosa

92
Q

Emission

A

■ the movement of spermatozoa from
-the epididymides into the vas deferens and from vas into ejaculatory ducts by peristalsis

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