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A&p2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Tunica intima

A

■ Is the innermost layer
■ layer across which all nutrient and gas exchange occurs
■ found in all blood vessels
■ Includes:
■ the endothelial lining
■ connective tissue layer

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2
Q

Tunica media

A

■ Is the middle layer
■ Contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue
■ Binds to inner and outer layers
■ Dominant coat in large arteries
■ rich in Alpha (a1) receptors sensitive to NE
■ responsible for regulating blood vessel diameter.
■ External elastic membrane of the tunica media:
■ separates tunica media from tunica externa

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3
Q

Tunica externa

A

■ Is outer layer
■ Contains connective tissue sheath
■ Anchors vessel to adjacent tissues
■ In arteries:
■ contain a lot of collagen
■ elastic fibers
■ In veins:
■ contain mostly elastic fibers
■ smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Differences between veins and arteries struture

A

1)arteries
-thicker walls
-elastic: w/stand ⬆️BP
-keep blood flowing during diastole

2)veins
-thinner
-walls: less elastic due to low pressure of blood returning to ❤️
-have valves to prevent backflow of blood

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5
Q

Contractility

A

-arteries change diameter
-controlled by SNS of ANS
-vasomotor of medulla
-uses NE➕ Alpha1 receptors (on smooth muscle of arteries/arterioles) to contract
-responsible for regulating vasoconstriction and BP

Only SNS

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6
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

■ Have complete endothelial lining
■ Tight junctions connect endothelial cells
■ Intercellular clefts allow passage of fluids and small solutes
■ Most common type
■ Are found in all tissues except epithelia, cartilage, cornea and lens of eye

Functions:

■ Permit diffusion of:
■ water
■ small solutes
■ Lipid-soluble materials
■ Block:
■ blood cells
■ plasma proteins

“Blood-brain barrier”

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7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

The walls of arteries and veins are two thick to allow diffusion
■ Small arteries and veins
■ In walls of large arteries and veins
■ Supply cells of tunica media and tunica externa

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8
Q

Fenestrate capillaries

A

■ Have pores in endothelial lining
■ Permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes (up to the size of small peptides):
■ between plasma and interstitial fluid
■ Function in absorption or filtrate formation
■ Are found in:
■ choroid plexus
■ endocrine organs
■ kidneys
■ intestinal tract

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9
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Ex. Of arterial anastomoses

ring-shaped network of arteries at the base of the brain that connects the brain’s two main blood supply systems
1)internal carotid arteries: supply oxygenated blood to front of brain
2)vertebral arteries(basilar): supply oxygenated blood to back of brain

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10
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

Connects 2 arteries

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11
Q

Venous anastomoses

A

Connects 2 veins

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12
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

Connects artery to vein

Vascular shunts/false capillaries
-bypass the capillary beds
-blood does not reach the tissues (not site of exchange)

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13
Q

Capillary sphincter

A

-guards entrance to each capillary
-opens and closes➡️ capillary blood to flow in pulses

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14
Q

True capillaries

A

Are equipped w/ pre capillary sphincters sensitive to NE

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15
Q

Vasomotion

A

■ Contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters
■ Causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes

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16
Q

Venous reserve

A

Ability of veins to stretch allow them to act as a reservoir for blood in the body

Most blood in veins

If we lose blood➡️vasoconstriction➡️push 🩸 back into circuit

17
Q

Cardiovascular regulation

A

maintaining capillary blood flow in peripheral tissues by controlling the diameter of arterioles, which directly impacts how much blood enters capillary beds, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen and nutrients based on their current needs; this is achieved through mechanisms like neural signals, hormonal influences, and local metabolic factors that trigger vasoconstriction or vasodilation in the arterioles.

18
Q

Blood flow

A

Blood flow= CO
-determined by pressure and resistance in cardiovascular system

19
Q

Factors effecting blood flow

A

1) ⬆️BP➡️⬆️Blood flow
2) ⬆️resistance➡️⬇️blood flow
3)⬆️BV➡️blood flow
4)⬆️viscosity➡️⬇️blood flow
5)⬆️blood vessel length➡️⬇️blood flow
6)⬆️blood vessels diameter➡️⬆️blood flow

20
Q

Factors effecting peripheral resistance

A

1)⬆️blood vessel diameter➡️⬇️R
2)⬆️blood viscosity➡️⬆️R
3)⬆️blood vessel length➡️⬆️R

21
Q

TPR

A

Resistance in entire body that the ❤️ has to overcome to get blood from aorta➡️vena cava

22
Q

Circulatory pressure

A

Change in pressure across system circuit (100mmHg)

23
Q

Elastic rebound

A

Arterial walls:
-stretch during systole
-rebound during diastole
-keep blood movies during diastole

allows large arteries, like the aorta, to store energy during ventricular contraction (systole) and then release it during relaxation (diastole), maintaining a consistent blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle, preventing drastic pressure fluctuations and ensuring efficient blood delivery to the body; essentially acting like a “pressure reservoir” due to the elastic properties of their walls

24
Q

Respiratory pump

A

-thoracic cavity action
-inhaling➡️⬇️thoracic pressure and sucks blood into blood vessels (boyles law)
-and pressure in vena cava
-fills vena cava➡️♥️

25
Q

Cardiac output

A

CO=SVx HR

Measure of blood flow(determines normal BP)

⬆️CO➡️⬆️flow➡️⬆️BP
-⬆️SV
-⬆️ventricular BPM by⬆️NE from CAC
-⬇️cholinergics (ACh)
-⬆️(+) isopropics ➡️⬆️CO
-NE
-epi
-dopamine
-digitalis glycosides
-isoproterenol

26
Q

Vessel diameter

A

⬇️vessel diameter➡️⬆️R➡️⬆️BO

⬇️vessel diameter can be due to:
-⬆️NE from vasomotor center
-arteriosclerosis- general thickening and loss of arterial elasticity
-focal calcification-deposistion of calcium salts and degeneration of tunica media- diabetes mellitus

27
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

Pushing fluid out of capillaries

28
Q

Blood osmotic pressure

A

Pushing fluid back in

29
Q

NFP

A

NFP= filtration pressures- reabsorption pressure

NFP= (BHP+ IFOP) - (IFHP + BOP)

Arteriole end: 10mmHg (net filtration)
Venous end: -1mmHg (net reabsorption- b/c ⬇️BP)

As fluid accumulated in IF picked up by lymphatic vessels constantly➡️bloodstream

30
Q

Myogenic control

A

■ Myogenic responses keep tissue perfusion constant despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure
■ Vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
■ Passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure) promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction
■ Reduced stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue

31
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

■ Stretch receptors in walls of:
■ carotid sinuses:
■ maintain blood flow to brain
■ aortic sinuses:
■ monitor start of systemic circuit
■ right atrium:
■ monitor end of systemic circuit
■ When blood pressure rises, CV centers:
■ decrease cardiac output
■ cause peripheral vasodilation
■ When blood pressure falls, CV centers:
■ increase cardiac output
■ cause peripheral vasoconstriction

32
Q

Chemoreceptors reflex

A

Cartoid and aortic bodies monitor pH, O2, CO2

■ Changes in pH, O2, and CO2 concentrations
■ Produced by coordinating cardiovascular and respiratory activities
■ Example; A ß in pH and O2 levels w/ Ý in CO2 produce:
■ Cardioacceleratory and vasomotor center stimulation
■ Cardioinhibitory center ➖
■ Respiratory center stimulation
■ Increased O2 intake
■ Increased Respiratory pump activity

⬆️CO2➡️⬇️pH

33
Q

EPO

A

causing vasoconstriction by increasing calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle cells, which can lead to elevated blood pressure

-released by kidneys
-responds to ⬇️BP
-➕RBC production

34
Q

Shock

A

-results from loss of 30% or BV
-failure to restore BP

35
Q

Fetal circulation

A

■ Embryonic lungs and digestive tract nonfunctional
■ Respiratory functions and nutrition provided by placenta

Before birth:

■ Fetal lungs are collapsed
■ O2 provided by placental circulation

36
Q

After birth circulation

A

■ Newborn breathes fast
■ Lungs expand
■ Pulmonary circulation provides O2

37
Q

2 fetal pulmonary circulation bypasses

A

• Foramen ovale:
■ interatrial opening
■ covered by valve-like flap
■ directs blood from right to left atrium only
• Ductus arteriosus:
■ short vessel
■ connects pulmonary and aortic trunks

38
Q

Cardiovascular changes at birth

A

■ Pulmonary vessels open
■ Reduced resistance allows blood flow
■ Rising O2 causes ductus arteriosus constriction
■ Rising left atrium pressure closes foramen ovale (flap)

A&p2 (28 decks)

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