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A&p2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic system cells respond to:
1) environmental pathogens
2)toxins
3) abnormal body cells (ex. Cancer)

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2
Q

Lymphocyte circulation

A

-from blood➡️IF (lymph) through capillaries
-returns to venous blood through lymphatic vessels
-also transports hormones, nutrients, and waste products

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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

-carry lymph
-lymphatic system begins w/ smaller vessels
-lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics)

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4
Q

Thoracic duct

A

-collects lymph from (3/4 of the body):
-left bronchiomediastinal trunk
-left subclavian trunk
-left jugular trunk
-empties into left subclavian vein

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5
Q

Base of thoracic duct

A

■ Expands into cisterna chyli
■ Cisterna chyli receives lymph from:
■ right and left lumbar trunks
■ intestinal trunk (spleen, stomach, intestine, pancreas, lower front liver)

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6
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Effector CD8

■ Attack cells infected by cancer or viruses
■ Produce cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

Helper T cells

A

Effector CD4- humoral and cellular immunity

■ Stimulate function of T cells and B cells
-➕production of T cells and plasma cells
-➕macrophages
-act directly and indirectly by releasing cytokines (small proteins that act as chemical messengers in the immune system, signaling cells to fight threats and regulate the immune response)

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8
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

■ Inhibit function of T cells and B cells

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9
Q

B cells

A

Lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow

■ Make up 10–15% of circulating lymphocytes
■ Differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
-via progeny (clone members)

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10
Q

Plasma cells

A

Antibody (immunoglobulin proteins) producing machine

Effector B cell

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11
Q

Regulatory T cell

A

Effector CD4 T cells

Slows or stops activity of immune system

Important in controlling autoimmune diseases

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12
Q

NK cells

A

-responsible for immunological surveillance (non specific/“nonself”
-attack:
-foreign cells
-virus-infested cells
-cancer cells

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13
Q

Lymphoid nodule

A

-areolar tissue w/ densely packed lymphocytes
-germinal center contains dividing lymphocytes

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14
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Site of lymphocyte activation and proliferation

■ Act as filters for lymph fluid (cleanse lymph)
■ Embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
■ Near body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of body

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15
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation

■ Located in mediastinum
■ Deteriorates after puberty:
■ diminishing effectiveness of immune system

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16
Q

Spleen functions

A
  1. Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis
  2. Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells
  3. Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells:
    ■ in response to antigens in circulating blood
  4. The Stores blood platelets and monocytes
  5. May be site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases before birth)
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17
Q

Complement activation

A

-complements work together in cascades
-2 pathways activate complement system
-Classical
-alternative

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18
Q

Complement system

A

Works WITH antibodies to trigger inflammation

group of proteins that work together to help the body’s immune system fight infection and pathogens

Part of innate immune system

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19
Q

Classical pathway

A

■ Fast method
■ C1 binds to or is fixed to antibody molecule attached to antigen (bacterium)
■ Bound (fixed) protein acts as enzyme:
■ catalyzes reaction between other C proteins

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20
Q

4 effects of complement activation

A
  1. Stimulation of inflammation - stimulates histamine release
  2. Promoting chemotaxis - Attraction of phagocytes to areas of pathogens
  3. Opsonization
    ▪ Enhancement of phagocytosis by :
    ■ complements working with antibodies (opsonins) to coat pathogens and make it easier for macrophages to bind
  4. Destruction of target cell:
    ■ 5 complement proteins join to form membrane attack complex (MAC)
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21
Q

4 effects of inflammation

A
  1. Temporary repair and barrier against infection
  2. Retards spread of pathogens into surrounding areas
  3. Mobilization of local and systemic defenses:
    ■ and facilitation of repairs (regeneration)
  4. Alerts adaptive immune system
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22
Q

Inflammation

A

■ Begins with chemicals released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, blood proteins
■ Macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
■ 11 types of TLRs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes
■ Activated TLRs trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation

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23
Q

Innate immunity

A

Genetically determined- no prior exposure of antibody production involved

-mast cells
-neutrophils
-monocytes
-dendritic cells
-macrophages
-NK cells

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24
Q

Aquired immunity (adaptive)

A

Produced by prior exporsure or antibody production

-B cells w/ antibodies
-T cells
-regulatory T cells
-dendritic cells
-macrophages
-NK cells

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25
Q

Active immunity

A

Produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens (immune response)

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26
Q

Induced active immunity

A

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

27
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Develops after export antigens in environment

28
Q

Passive immunity

A

Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person

29
Q

Natural acquired passive immunity

A

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

30
Q

Induced passive immunity

A

Conferred by admin of antibodies to combat infection

31
Q

Why is complement system considered innate immune system?

A

While antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system (acquired immunity), the complement system itself is a set of proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens without the need for specific antibody recognition, making it a key component of the innate immune response.

32
Q

Specific defenses

A

When you are exposed to something from outside the body, and it activates T cells and B cells

Responds to specific antigens

With coordinated action of T cells and B cells

33
Q

Antigen

A

An antigen is a substance that signals the immune system to determine if something in the body is harmful. Antigens can be found on bacteria, viruses, tumors, and even normal cells

Collection of antigenic determinants or epitopes (specific region of an antigen that the immune system recognizes)
-each epitope ➕ development of T cell and B cells

34
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

■ Responsible for activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins
■ Located in places where antigens are likely to enter the body
■ Can take in antigens by pino- or phagocytosis
■ After processing antigens - migrate to lymph nodes via lymph vessels

Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages

35
Q

Incomplete antigens/ haptens

A

Antigens that are unable to trigger an immune response on their own are called incomplete antigens or haptens

Must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

36
Q

Hapten dangers

A

Autoimmune disease and allergy

37
Q

Complete antigen

A

substance that can both trigger an immune response and react with the products of that response

■ Has 2 antigenic determinant sites
■ Binds to both of antigen binding sites of variable segments of antibody

38
Q

MHC proteins

A

Membrane proteins that bind to antigens

■ The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are nprotein molecules (self-antigens) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
■ Self identifiers
■ Genetically coded in chromosome 6:
■ differs among all individuals except identical twins
■ Also called HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigens

39
Q

Classes of MHC proteins

A

■ Class I:
■ found in membranes of all nucleated cells
■ Reason for rejection of transplanted organs
■ Class II:
■ found in membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
■ Including macrophages, dendritic cells
■ Also found on B cells

40
Q

MHC 1 protein

A

All cells

■ Pick up small peptides in cell and carry them to the surface
■ T cells ignore normal peptides
■ abnormal peptides or viral proteins activate T cells to destroy cell
(Hey, come kill me!)

41
Q

MHC 2 proteins

A

Only on immune cells- antigen presenting cells

■ Antigenic fragments: (Present only in lymphs)
■ from antigenic processing of pathogens
■ bind to Class II proteins
■ inserted in cell membrane to stimulate naive T cells
(sick-em Boys)

42
Q

CD markers

A

“Cluster differentiation makers”

-T cell membranes
-molecular mechanism of antigen recognition.

43
Q

CD4

A

On cells that are going to become helper T cells or suppressor cells

44
Q

CD8

A

On cells that become cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

A

-require helper T cells
-bind directly to infected cells

■ Activated by exposure to antigens on MHC 1 proteins presented by infected cells or APCs (dendritic cells)

46
Q

T cell activation

A

process in the immune system that occurs when a T cell binds to a foreign peptide or mutant peptide on a diseased cell

47
Q

B cell activation

A

-recognize something in environment- recognizes
-require helper T cells
-naive B cell require antigen binding B cell
-(become plasma cells) make antibodies only after helper T cells comes in
-

48
Q

4 allergy reaction types

A

■ Type I:
■ immediate hypersensitivity
■ Type II:
■ cytotoxic reactions
■ Type III:
■ immune complex disorders
■ Type IV:
■ delayed hypersensitivity

49
Q

Functions of cytokines

A
  1. Stimulate T cell divisions:
    ■ produce memory T cells
    ■ accelerate cytotoxic T cell maturation
  2. Attract and stimulate macrophages
  3. Attract and stimulate immune cells
  4. Promote activation of B cells
50
Q

Antibody structure

A

Constant segment determines antibody type

Variable segments- binding site

51
Q

IgM

A

■ Largest Ig in size (pentamers)
■ due to its size it is restricted to the blood and cannot cross membranes;
■ excellent Complement (C’) fixer; first to appear in the primary immune response.
■ Includes the blood type agglutinins.
■ Accounts for approximately 5-10% of circulating Ig.
■ Also exists as a monomer which serves as antigen receptor on B cells

Clump up blood vessels

52
Q

IgG

A

■ Smaller Ig and therefore can leave the blood to cross membranes including those of the
■ Excellent C’ fixer - binds C’ aggressively.
■ First to appear in significant quantity in the secondary, anamnestic or booster response
■ includes the antitoxins, accounts for 75-80% of circulating Ig

53
Q

IgA

A

■ Secretory Ig – Mostly a dimer
■ found in abundance in most bodily secretions including tears, saliva, semen, milk, colostrum, mucus.
■ Attack pathogens before they enter the body (by binding to them on mucosal surfaces- GI, respiratory)
■ Accounts for approximately 10-15% of circulating Ig.
■ Levels decrease during stress

54
Q

IgD

A

■ Rare Þ 2,000 times less abundant in blood than IgG.
■ Acts as antigen receptor on B cells along with IgM.
■ Function not well understood

55
Q

IgE

A

■ Found on mast cells and basophils
■ aka Atopic Ab, Skin Sensitizing Ig, Anaphylactic Ab, Allergic Ab, Reaginic Ab
■ Not found in large quantity in the blood because once formed it exits the blood to attach to mast cells in connective tissue
■ Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals which regulate inflammation
■ It is responsible for all Type-I immediate hypersensitivity reactions including atopy and anaphylaxis.

56
Q

Primary Respondes

A

IgM produced

■ Takes time to develop
■ Antigens activate B cells
■ Plasma cells differentiate
■ Antibody titer (level of Ab activity) slowly rises
■ Peak response:
■ can take 2 weeks to develop
■ declines rapidly
■ IgM:
■ is produced faster than IgG
■ is less effective

57
Q

Secondary immune responses

A

IgG antibodies produced- fetal blood response

■ Activates memory B cells:
■ at lower antigen concentrations than original B cells
■ secrete more effective antibodies in higher qualities

58
Q

Specific adaptive immunity

A
  • second line of immunity
  • can protection against same pathogen that is exposure in the last (has memory component)
  • composed of highly specialized cells and process that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth
  • response is antigen dependent
  • lag time between exposure and maximal response
  • antigen specific
  • immunologic memory
59
Q

Nonspecific or innate immunity

A
  • first line of immunity against invading organisms
  • present at birth
  • called this name because its components treat all foreign substances in the same way
  • response is antigen independent
  • immediate maximal response
  • antigen nonspecific
  • no immunologic memory
60
Q

Type 1 reaction

A

■ Also called immediate hypersensitivity
■ A rapid and severe response to the presence of an antigen
■ Most commonly recognized type of allergy
■ Includes allergic rhinitis (environmental allergies)
■ Affects 15% of the population
■ Sensitization leads to:
■ IL-4 secreted by TH cells stimulating B cells
■ production of large quantities of IgE antibodies
■ distributed throughout the body where they bind to the membranes of mast cells and basophils (Genetic component?)
■ Second exposure leads to:
■ stimulation of these IgE antibodies on the mast cells and basophils
■ massive inflammation of affected tissues
■ due to the release of histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes
■ Severity of reaction depends on:
■ individual sensitivity
■ locations involved
■ Allergens in blood stream may cause anaphylaxis

61
Q

Type 2 reaction

A

■ Cytotoxic Reactions
■ Mediated by IgG, IgM and Complement (C’) which attack formed elements in the blood
■ Damage is often due to cytolysis and/or attraction of phagocytic cells which release lytic enzymes h
■ Manifestations include:
■ Erythroblastosis fetalis
■ blood transfusion incompatibility reactions
■ Thrombocytopenia

62
Q

Type 3 reaction

A

■ Immune Complex Disorders
■ Mediated by IgG or IgM and sometimes complement (C’)
■ Damage is often due small immune complexes which become trapped in the basement membrane of blood vessels
■ cause serious inflammatory responses
■ Manifestations include:
■ Glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys
■ Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting the joints, skin, kidneys and other organs (may also include some Type II characteristics),
■ Rheumatoid Arthritis

63
Q

Type 4 reaction

A

■ Delayed type hypersensitivity- Mediated Immunity (CMI)
■ Occur 12-72 hr after exposure
■ Mediated by T lymphocytes including Cytotoxic T lymphs (TC) and Delayed Hypersensitivity T lymphs (TDh)
■ APCs migrate to lymph nodes and T cells go back to the point of exposure
■ Damage is due to lymphokines produced and secreted by T lymphs. Host mast cells may be destroyed, thus inducing inflammation.
■ Manifestations include:
■ Graft/Tissue rejection
■ Allergic Contact Dermatitides (ACDs)
■ Tuberculosis

A&p2 (28 decks)

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