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A&p2 > Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

K+, Mg2+, and PO43- are predominant electrolytes in…

A

Intracellular fluid

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2
Q

Angiotensin 2 Functions

A

1)vasoconstriction (constricts BF to kidneys limits its ability ti excrete water)
-keeps more water in blood to ⬆️BV and ⬆️BP

2)➕ adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
-kidneys keep Na+ and H2O in blood
-⬇️ urination

3)➕ posterior pituitary gland to release ADH
-➡️ kidneys keep water and ⬆️BV
-➕ thirst mechanism

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3
Q

Hypothalamus and ADH

A

Makes ADH

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary and ADH

A

Stores and secretes ADH

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5
Q

⬆️BV➡️ _ BP

A

⬆️BP

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6
Q

RAAS mechanism

A

1) ⬇️BV➡️ ⬇️ BP
2) juxtaglomerular cells: release Renin into blood circulation
3) liver responds: activates angiotensinogen➡️ angiotensin 1
4) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE): turns angiotensin 1➡️ angiotensin 2
5)angiotensin 2
-major vasoconstriction (constricts BF to kidneys, limits its ability to excrete water)
-➕adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
-➕ posterior pituitary gland to release ADH

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7
Q

Diuretic

A

Helps pt’s excrete excess fluids in the body

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8
Q

Thirst mechanism

A

1) ⬆️osmolality (plasma)
-⬇️fluids, ⬆️solute

2) hypothalamus osmoreceptors respond
-➕ADH release
-thirst sensation experienced

3) kidneys respond
-sense ADH
-ADH causes DCT and CD to transport water
-water is put back into bloodstream and NOT excreted via urine

4) water is retained

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9
Q

ANP

A

Hormone release by ♥️ cells due to atrial wall stretching
-works against angiotensin 2
-stops effects of aldosterone, ADH, and renin

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10
Q

Fixed Acid

A

“Non-violate”

An acid that cannot be easily expelled from the body through the lungs as gas

Ex. HCl

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11
Q

Normal pH range

A

7.35-7.45

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12
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Na+ excess: > 145mEq/L

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13
Q

Hypernatremia causes

A

-dehydration
-uncommon in healthy individuals
-may occur in infants, elderly, and any individual unable to indicate thirst
-may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration

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14
Q

Hypernatremia consequences

A

-thirst
-CNS dehydration
-confusion
-lethargy
-coma
-⬆️neuromuscular irritability
-twitching
-convulsions

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Na+ deficit: <135mEq/L

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16
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A

-solute loss
-water retention
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-burned skin
-gastric suction
-⬆️⬆️⬆️use of diuretics
-⬇️aldosterone (Addison’s)
-renal disease
-⬆️⬆️⬆️ADH release
-⬆️⬆️⬆️ H2O ingestion

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17
Q

Hyponatremia consequences

A

-neurological dysfunction due to brain swelling
-if body Na+ content is normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess
-mental confusion
-giddiness
-coma
-muscular irritability/twitching
-convulsions
-accompanied by water loss: ⬆️BV and ⬆️BP

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18
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

K+ excess > 5.5mEq/L

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

-renal failure
-⬇️aldosterone
-⬆️⬆️⬆️intravenous infusion of KCl
-burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells

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20
Q

Hyperkalemia consequences

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-bradycardia
-cardiac arrhythmias and arrest
-skeletal muscle weakness
-flaccid paralysis

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21
Q

Hypokalemia

A

K+ deficit < 3.5mEq/L

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22
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

-GI tact distrurbances
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-gastric suctions
-cushings syndrome
-inadequate dietary intake (starvation)
-hyperaldosteronism
-diuretic therapy

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23
Q

Hypokalemia consequences

A

-cardiac arrhythmias
-flattened T Wave
-muscular weakness
-metabolic alkalosis
-mental confusion
-nausea
-vomiting

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24
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

HPO42- excess > 2.9mEq/L

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25
Q

Hyperphosphatemia causes

A

-⬇️urine loss due to renal failure
-Hypoparathyroidism
-major tissue trauma
-⬆️intestinal absorption

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26
Q

Hyperphosphatemia and hypo phosphatemia consquencds

A

Clinical symptoms arise b/c of reciprocal changes in Ca2+ levels rather than directly from changes in plasma [HPO42-]

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27
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

HPO42- deficit <1.6mEq/L

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28
Q

Hypophosphatemia causes

A

-⬇️ intestinal absorption
-⬆️ urinary output
-hyperparathyroidism

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29
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Cl- excess > 105mEq/L

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30
Q

Hypercholemia causes

A

-dehydration
-⬆️retention or intake
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperparathyroidism

31
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Cl- deficit < 95mEq/L

32
Q

Hypochloremia causes

A

-metabolic alkalosis
-due to vomiting or excess ingestion of alkaline substance
- ⬇️aldosterone

33
Q

Hypercalemia

A

Ca2+ excess > 5.2mEq/L

34
Q

Hypercalemia cause

A

-hyperparathyroidism
-⬆️⬆️⬆️ Vit D
-prolonged immobilization
-renal disease (⬇️excretion)
-malignancy

35
Q

Hypercalemia consequences

A

-⬇️ neuromuscular excitability leading to…
-cardiac arrhythmias and arrest
-skeletal muscle weakness
-confusion
-stupor
-coma
-kidney stones
-nausea
-vomiting

36
Q

Hypocalemia

A

Ca2+ deficit <4.5mEq/L

37
Q

Hypocalemia causes

A

-burns (Ca2+ trapped in damaged tissues)
-Hypoparathyroidism
-⬇️Vit D
-renal tubular disease
-renal failure
-Hyperphosphatemia
-diarrhea
-alkalosis

38
Q

Hypocalemia consequences

A

-⬆️neuromuscular excitability leading to
-tingling fingers
-tremors
-skeletal muscle cramps
-tetany
-convulsions
-depressed excitability of the ♥️
-osteomalacia
-fractures

39
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

Mg2+ excess > 2.2 mEq/L

40
Q

Hypermagnesemia cause

A

-rare
-renal failure when Mg2+ is not excreted normally
-⬆️⬆️⬆️ingestion of Mg2+-containing antacids

41
Q

Hypermagnesemia consequences

A

-lethargy
-impaired CNS functioning
-coma
-respiratory depression
-cardiac arrest

42
Q

Hypomagenesemia

A

Mg2+ deficit < 1.4mEq/L

43
Q

Hypomagnesemia causes

A

-alcoholism
-chronic diarrhea
-severe malnutrition
-diuretic therapy

44
Q

Hypomagnesemia consequences

A

-tremors
-⬆️ neuromuscular excitability
-tetany
-convulsions

45
Q

The kidneys generate buffer that enter the bloodstream in…

A

DCT and CD

46
Q

Avg. % of water in the adult body

A

60-70%

47
Q

Suppose the ECF osmolality becomes too high. What hormone would most likely be release to correct this situation?

A

ADH

48
Q

T or F: adh secretion can be stimulated by either blood osmolarity changes or bp changes in the heart or large vessels

A

True

49
Q

Primary buffer in the plasma

A

HCO3- buffer system

50
Q

⬆️in CO2 levels leads to what change in pH.

A

⬇️ pH

51
Q

most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance involves

A

Maintaining HCO3- balance: reabsorption of filtered HCO3- from urine back into blood

52
Q

Which acid base imbalance would be cause by over accumulation of CO2 in the blood?

A

Respiratory acidosis

53
Q

Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body?

a) aerobic breakdown of glucose
b) CO2 in the blood
c) fat metabolism
d) ingesting of HCO3-

A

Ingesting of HCO3-

54
Q

In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?

A

Weak base

55
Q

Effects of PTH

A

-➕kidneys to transform Vit D to its active form
-⬆️ intestinal absorption of Ca2+
-to activate bone-digesting osteoclasts

56
Q

⬆️levels of what hormone would result in ⬇️ in reabsorption in CD in kidneys?

A

ANP

57
Q

What results from ⬆️ levels of aldosterone?

A

⬆️Na+ reabsorption

58
Q

What type of intravenous intravenous infusion would you give to a runner who has collapsed after drinking too much water during the course of her marathon and why?

A

Hypertonic saline solution to pull water out of cell

59
Q

Under normal circumstances, what method does NOT lead to water intake?

A) metabolism
B) beverages
C) osmosis
D) food

A

C. Osmosis

60
Q

Which of the following would NOT be expected to occur as a result of dehydration?

A) edema
B) reduced urine flow
C) Hypovolemic shock
D) shrinkage of body cells

A

A. Edema

61
Q

ECF osmolality becomes too high. What hormone would most likely be released to correct this situation?

A

ADH

62
Q

Where are signs of change in osmolality, stomach stretch, and thirst monitored?

A

In the hypothalamus

63
Q

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

A) detection of ⬆️osmolality by osmoreceptors
B) ⬆️BP
C) ⬇️BV
D) dry mouth

A

B. ⬆️BP

64
Q

Major cation in ECF

A

Na+

65
Q

Major anion in ECF

A

Cl- and HCO3-

66
Q

Major cations in ICF

A

K+ and Mg2+

67
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

⬆️[solute] outside the cell than inside
-water leaves cell➡️cell shrivels
-⬆️osmolality
-⬇️H2O

68
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

⬇️[solute] outside the cell than inside the cell
-water enters the cell➡️ cell bloats
-⬇️osmolality

69
Q

Isotonic solution

A

= distribution of water

70
Q

Why does the interstitial fluid have ⬇️proteins?

A

Capillary membrane has pores that allow solute through except for proteins➡️ proteins stay in plasma➡️⬇️proteins in interstitial fluid

71
Q

Normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) values

A

-pH: 7.35-7.45
-PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg- respiratory
-HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L- metabolic
-PaO2: 80-100mmHg

72
Q

Hyperventilation

A

⬇️CO2
Respiratory alkalosis

73
Q

Hypoventilation

A

⬆️CO2
Respiratory acidosis

A&p2 (28 decks)

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