Reproductive System Flashcards
When phase do estrogen and LH peak?
Proesterus
When does dog ovulate?
48 hours after LH surge
In dogs, what hormone decreases significantly before parturition?
Progesterone (18-30 hours before parturition)
What is the medical treatment for pyometra?
Prostaglandin F2πΆ
What is the most common maternal and fetal cause for dystocia?
Maternal: primary inertia (failure of uterus to contract properly)
Fetal: malposition
What are the 7 diagnostic criteria for dystocia?
(1) labor does not begin when expected, based on the temperature decrease or calculated due date
(2) stage two labor lasts more than 4 h without a fetal delivery
(3) more than 2 h have elapsed between delivery of successive fetuses
(4) the dam shows signs of illness or distress
(5) more than 30 min of strong abdominal contractions without delivery of a fetus
(6) a substantial amount of green-black discharge prior to delivery of the first fetus
(7) a prominent bloody discharge at any time during labor
What fetal heart rate range indicates fetal distress?
Below 180 bpm (normal should be > 220 bpm)
What level of progesterone indicates the mom enters parturition?
< 2ng/ml
True or False: For the medical management of dystocia, If two doses of oxytocin (0.2U/5kg) have not resulted in expulsion of a fetus, surgical treatment is indicated.
True
In newborn neonates, what is the primary cause of bradycardia? Should you give atropine?
Hypoxia
No atropine
When does the testicles descend to scrotum in dogs?
30-40 days after birth
Fill in the blank: In cats, most cases of pyometra occurred within ________ of estrus and most of those queens were known to have been bred.
8 weeks
How dose dopamine agonist effective in treating pyometra?
It causes luteolysis by reducing prolactin concentrations
Name 4 risk factors for acute tumor lysis syndrome.
1) Large tumor burdon
2) Preexisting renal disease
3) Dehydration
4) Chemotherapy-responsive tumor type
In stage 2 of parturition, when is the first puppy and kitten normally delivered?
Puppy: within 4 h of the onset of stage two
- Subsequent births occur every 15 min to 2 h
Kitten: within 1 h of the onset of stage two
- subsequent kittens every 10β60 min
Is maternal cause or fetal cause more common in dystocia?
Maternal causes in dogs vs foetal in cats
Name 5 causes of primary uterine inertia.
Small litters causing inadequate uterine stimulation
Large litters cause overstretching of the myometrium
Hypocalcemia
Obesity
Uterine infection
Uterine torsion
Trauma
What is MOA of oxytocin?
Gq
1) Increases Na permeability of uterine myofibrils β causes the myometrium to produce sustained uterine contraction
2) mobilizes intracellular stores of Ca β causes influx of extracellular Ca in myometrial cells in vivo
Which layer(s) does oxytocin act on?
myometrium
myoepithelium
What is the recommended dose of oxytocin and calcium gluconate?
Oxytocin: 0.1-2U/kg dog (not exceed 20U/dog) SC/IM q30min
Calcium gluconate:
Dog 0.2ml/kg slow IV
Cat 0.5-1ml slow IV
True or False: Both atropine and glycopyrrolate can cross the planceta.
False
Glycopyrrolate does not cross the placenta
If an en bloc Cesarean section is performed, all the fetus should be removed from the uterus within ______.
60 seconds
Describe how to perform C-section.
1) Make a mid-line incision (the linea alba is often stretched). Care must be taken during linea incision to avoid unintentional uterine incision.
2) The uterus is isolated with moistened laparotomy sponges, and a ventral midline incision into the body of the uterus is made
3) The most caudal fetus is removed first followed by fetuses in the horns, usually in alternating order
4) The umbilical cord is clamped with a hemostatic forceps approximately 2 to 6 cm from the abdominal wall. The placenta is removed with the fetus unless itβs firmly attached and at risk of hemorrhage
5) The entire uterus from proper ligament to the pelvic inlet is carefully palpated for contents before closure.
6) The hysterotomy is closed with 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament absorbable suture on a taper needle. Closure can be performed with a single-layer continuous pattern or a two-layer closure using a simple continuous appositional inner layer and continuous inverting outer layer (Cushing or Lembert pattern). Suture material should engage submucosa but not penetrate into the uterine lumen.
7) If visible involution has not started during closure or if excessive hemorrhage is noted, oxytocin (0.5 to 5 Units IM) is given
8) Lavage the abdomen
9) Close the abdomen with buried intradermal pattern for skin closure
Describe the modified Apgar score for neonates published in 2009 Theriogenology.
7-10: no distress
4-6: moderate distress
0-3: severe distress
- Evaluated 5 minutes after birth
Where is progesterone produced?
Corpus luteum
How do you tell a dog enter diestrus via vaginal cytology?
Estrus: primarily superficial cornified cells (>90%)
Diestrus: 50% non-cornified parabasal and intermediate cells
What is primary and secondary cleft palate?
Primary cleft palate: involves the premaxilla and overly lip
Secondary cleft palate: involves the hard palate and/or soft palate
What is the common viral infection associated with fading puppy syndrome?
Herpes Infection (CHV-1)
What is a poor prognostic indicator in canine pyometra?
AKI
