Reproductive System

Question 1

When phase do estrogen and LH peak?

Answer 1

Proesterus

Question 2

When does dog ovulate?

Answer 2

48 hours after LH surge

Question 3

In dogs, what hormone decreases significantly before parturition?

Answer 3

Progesterone (18-30 hours before parturition)

Question 4

What is the medical treatment for pyometra?

Answer 4

Prostaglandin F2𝜶

Question 5

What is the most common maternal and fetal cause for dystocia?

Answer 5

Maternal: primary inertia (failure of uterus to contract properly)
Fetal: malposition

Question 6

What are the 7 diagnostic criteria for dystocia?

Answer 6

(1) labor does not begin when expected, based on the temperature decrease or calculated due date
(2) stage two labor lasts more than 4 h without a fetal delivery
(3) more than 2 h have elapsed between delivery of successive fetuses
(4) the dam shows signs of illness or distress
(5) more than 30 min of strong abdominal contractions without delivery of a fetus
(6) a substantial amount of green-black discharge prior to delivery of the first fetus
(7) a prominent bloody discharge at any time during labor

Question 7

What fetal heart rate range indicates fetal distress?

Answer 7

Below 180 bpm (normal should be > 220 bpm)

Question 8

What level of progesterone indicates the mom enters parturition?

Answer 8

< 2ng/ml

Question 9

True or False: For the medical management of dystocia, If two doses of oxytocin (0.2U/5kg) have not resulted in expulsion of a fetus, surgical treatment is indicated.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

In newborn neonates, what is the primary cause of bradycardia? Should you give atropine?

Answer 10

Hypoxia
No atropine

Question 11

When does the testicles descend to scrotum in dogs?

Answer 11

30-40 days after birth

Question 12

Fill in the blank: In cats, most cases of pyometra occurred within ________ of estrus and most of those queens were known to have been bred.

Answer 12

8 weeks

Question 13

How dose dopamine agonist effective in treating pyometra?

Answer 13

It causes luteolysis by reducing prolactin concentrations

Question 14

Name 4 risk factors for acute tumor lysis syndrome.

Answer 14

1) Large tumor burdon
2) Preexisting renal disease
3) Dehydration
4) Chemotherapy-responsive tumor type

Question 15

In stage 2 of parturition, when is the first puppy and kitten normally delivered?

Answer 15

Puppy: within 4 h of the onset of stage two
- Subsequent births occur every 15 min to 2 h
Kitten: within 1 h of the onset of stage two
- subsequent kittens every 10–60 min

Question 16

Is maternal cause or fetal cause more common in dystocia?

Answer 16

Maternal causes in dogs vs foetal in cats

Question 17

Name 5 causes of primary uterine inertia.

Answer 17

Small litters causing inadequate uterine stimulation
Large litters cause overstretching of the myometrium
Hypocalcemia
Obesity
Uterine infection
Uterine torsion
Trauma

Question 18

What is MOA of oxytocin?

Answer 18

Gq

1) Increases Na permeability of uterine myofibrils → causes the myometrium to produce sustained uterine contraction
2) mobilizes intracellular stores of Ca → causes influx of extracellular Ca in myometrial cells in vivo

Question 19

Which layer(s) does oxytocin act on?

Answer 19

myometrium
myoepithelium

Question 20

What is the recommended dose of oxytocin and calcium gluconate?

Answer 20

Oxytocin: 0.1-2U/kg dog (not exceed 20U/dog) SC/IM q30min

Calcium gluconate:
Dog 0.2ml/kg slow IV
Cat 0.5-1ml slow IV

Question 21

True or False: Both atropine and glycopyrrolate can cross the planceta.

Answer 21

False

Glycopyrrolate does not cross the placenta

Question 22

If an en bloc Cesarean section is performed, all the fetus should be removed from the uterus within ______.

Answer 22

60 seconds

Question 23

Describe how to perform C-section.

Answer 23

1) Make a mid-line incision (the linea alba is often stretched). Care must be taken during linea incision to avoid unintentional uterine incision.
2) The uterus is isolated with moistened laparotomy sponges, and a ventral midline incision into the body of the uterus is made
3) The most caudal fetus is removed first followed by fetuses in the horns, usually in alternating order
4) The umbilical cord is clamped with a hemostatic forceps approximately 2 to 6 cm from the abdominal wall. The placenta is removed with the fetus unless it’s firmly attached and at risk of hemorrhage
5) The entire uterus from proper ligament to the pelvic inlet is carefully palpated for contents before closure.
6) The hysterotomy is closed with 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament absorbable suture on a taper needle. Closure can be performed with a single-layer continuous pattern or a two-layer closure using a simple continuous appositional inner layer and continuous inverting outer layer (Cushing or Lembert pattern). Suture material should engage submucosa but not penetrate into the uterine lumen.
7) If visible involution has not started during closure or if excessive hemorrhage is noted, oxytocin (0.5 to 5 Units IM) is given
8) Lavage the abdomen
9) Close the abdomen with buried intradermal pattern for skin closure

Question 24

Describe the modified Apgar score for neonates published in 2009 Theriogenology.

Answer 24

7-10: no distress
4-6: moderate distress
0-3: severe distress

• Evaluated 5 minutes after birth

Question 25

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 25

Corpus luteum

Question 26

How do you tell a dog enter diestrus via vaginal cytology?

Answer 26

Estrus: primarily superficial cornified cells (>90%)

Diestrus: 50% non-cornified parabasal and intermediate cells

Question 27

What is primary and secondary cleft palate?

Answer 27

Primary cleft palate: involves the premaxilla and overly lip
Secondary cleft palate: involves the hard palate and/or soft palate

Question 28

What is the common viral infection associated with fading puppy syndrome?

Answer 28

Herpes Infection (CHV-1)

Question 29

What is a poor prognostic indicator in canine pyometra?

Answer 29

AKI