Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

Includes internal organs such as the ovaries, oviducts (fallopian/uterine tubes), uterus and vagina and external genitalia called the vulva

  • This system must produce eggs, estrogen and maintain the development of a fetus after fertilization occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ovaries

A
  • the main reproductive organ in females

- are 2 almond shaped glands located on each side of the uterus below the uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A
  • hold an immature egg that are inside each ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ovulation

A

is the release of a mature egg that occurs about every 28 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

An egg is released from the ovarian follicles, which becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation

closley integrated w/ menstrual cycle

ovaries release progesterone and estrogen that cause changes in the endometrium of uterus, preparing for fertlization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Corpus luteum

A
  • is what the egg becomes after ovulation

- helps maintain pregnacy if an egg is fertilized; if not it disintegrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oviducts

A
  • also known as the uterine or fallopian tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterus
  • each tube contains the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
  • each tube contains 3 coats: an outer serous coat, a middle muscular coat and an inner mucosa coat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fimbrae

A
  • are finger-like projectings on the infundibulum end of the oviducts that are farther from the uterus
  • they capture an egg from the ovary during ovulation
  • when an egg (oocyte) bursts from the follicle within an ovary during ovulation, its cilia sweep the egg into the oviduct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ampulla

A
  • After the egg is swept by the fimbrae into the lining of the oviducts, the egg quickly moves here
  • site where most fertilization occurs
  • it noursishes the zygote during early cell division by the mucusoa layer which provides noursing fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isthmus

A
  • after the next several days, muscualr contractions and cilia move the egg from the ampulla through here and toward the uterus
  • it opens into the uterus, delivering the developing embryo into the uterine cavity when implantation is ready
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uterus

A
  • is a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ that is shaped like an inverted pear that connects to the uterine tubes and the vagina
  • it is positioned in a forward-tilt btw the bladder and rectum
  • contains 3 layers: the outer serous perimetrium, the middle muscular myometrium, and inner glandular endometrium
  • can be divided into 3 regions called the fundus, body and cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscular myometrium

A

Expands during pregnancy to hold the growing fetus

contracts during labor to push the baby out of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inner endometrium layer

A

where the embryo completes development

this layer sheds monthly, every 28 days if the female is not pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mensutruation/menses

A

when the inner endometrium layer is shed monthly if female is not pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fundus

A

is the upper part of the uterus

the height of which can be measured from the top of the pubic bone during pregnancy to provide growth rates or abnormalities (breech presentation/ twins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Body

A

is the middle section of the uterus that receives the fertilized ovum

  • ovum becomes implanted in the endometrium to receive nourishment and developms into an embryo to a festus and gestate until childbirth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cervix

A
  • is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina and changes in size and texture
  • prior to ovulation, it swells, softens and secretes mucus to allow sperm better access and viability in the uterus
  • when pregnant, a mucus plug develops here and prevents bacteria or pathgoens from entering the uterus to protect the health of the fetus
  • its closed firmness holds the fetus until it reaches full term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vaginal canal

A

small opening at the cervix that leads here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vagina

A

is an elastic muscular tube that leads from the cervix of the uterus to outside the body

  • its wall contains an inner tissue layer, intermediate muscle layer and outer tissue layer
  • remains wet and moist by mucus from the cervix
  • elastic fibers give the wall strength and elasticity
  • its mucosal lining folds and extends, which is important during birth and facilitating in intercourse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vulva

A

external genitatlia of the vagina that contains the mons pubis, vestibule, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mons Pubis

A

is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphisis that is covered with pubic hair after puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vestibule

A

surrounds the urethral and vaginal orifces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

labia majora

A

is an outer fold of skin located posterior to the mons pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

labia minora

A

second fold of skin surrounded by the labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

clitoris

A

is at the anterior end of labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

orifices

A

openings for the uretha and vagina located inside the labia minora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mammary glands

A

female breast tissue that contains 1-2 dozen lobules, each with a mammary duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mammary duct

A

begins at the nipple and divides into numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli

in non-lactating breasts, the ducts outnember alveoli since alveoli are made of cells to produce milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

lactation

A

is milk production

not produced during pregnancy because prolactin, which is needed for milk production, is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

colostrum

A

breasts produce a watery, yellowish-white fluid that contains a higher concentration of protein prior to milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oogenesis

A

is the production of eggs in the ovaries that occur during development of the fetus in the womb and is completed by birth

  • all females are born with immautre eggs that she will ovulate during her reproductive lifetime from puberty to menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

menopause

A

is the end of a females reproductive lifetime which is around her 50th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

oogonia

A

are female stem cells that undergo mitotic division into 2 daughter cells called primary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

primary oocytes

A

are 2 daughter cells produced by mitosis from female stem cells (oogonia) that are covered by follicles called primary follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

primary follicles

A

are primary occytes covered by follicles (fluid sacs containing an egg) that is completed by birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland when a female reaches puberty

it causes a few follicles to mature each month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

secondary oocyte

A

is one of the daughter cells that are produced when the primary oocyte in the follicle undergoes first meiotic division

needs the cytoplasm from the polar body in case of fertilization

since a lot of cellular energy is needed to sustain life during the first several cell divisions, it needs to maintain as much of the cell contents as possible

if it is united w/ sperm, second meitoic division occurs that produces a second polar body and ovum w/ 23 chromosomes. The ovum and sperm form a fertlized egg w/ 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

first polar body

A

is a daughter cell that was produced when the primary oocyte in the follicle undergoes first meiotic division

this is produced so that the chromosomes divide properly, but all the cytoplasm is given to the secondary oocyte in case of fertlization

since the first one may not undergo a 2nd meiotic division, females produce 2-3 more and a viable gamete (ovum) w/ 23 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during ovulation that causes the follicle to become the corpus luteum (which is necessary for maintaining pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

estrogen

A

is a hormone produced by the ovaries important in the production of eggs and menstrual cycle and responsible for secondary sex characteristics

secondary sex characterisitcs involve enlarged breasts, widening of the pelvis, fat deposits in hips, breasts and buttocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

progesterone

A

is a hormone produced by the ovaries necessary for maintaining pregnancy, but doesn’t promote secondary sexual characterisitcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

menstrual cycle (uterine cycle)

A
  • ovaries release estrogen and progesterone that prepares the uterus for implantation if fertilization occurs; if not, the endometrium is shed
  • can be divided into 3 phases: the menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

menstrual phase

A

begins on day 1 when all but the innermost basal layer of the endometrium is shed and continues through day5

  • the detached tissue of the endometrium & blood flow from uterus into vagina and exit the body via the vaginal orifice known as the menstrual flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

proliferative phase

A

occurs during days 6-14 as the endometrium rebuilds in reponse to increasing estrogen levels

ovulation typically occurs on day 14, tiggered when the anterior pituitary releases LH as a response to high levels of estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

secretory phase

A

final phase of the cycle which occurs on days 15-28

  • the corpus luteum begins to secrete progesterone that causes an increased blood supply in the uterus and secretion of nutrients, preparing uterus for implantation
  • if corpus luteum dies if not fertlized, the endometrium blood supply decreases due to decreases progeserone, which begins the menstrual phase again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

male reproductive system

A

includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Gonads

A

are male paired testes which are suspended within fascia sacs of the scrotum

48
Q

testes

A

are one of the main organs of the male reproductive system

function to produce sperm and testosterone

begin development inside the abdominal cavity, but descend into scrotal sacs as development proceeds

49
Q

Testosterone

A

a hormone produced by interstitial cells inside the connective tissues

function of the male reproductive system that begins during puberty wen anterior pituityar gland secretets LH and FSH

stimulates secondary sex characterisitcs such as broad shoulders, deep voice, increased muscle, bone density and hair growth

50
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

are the site of sperm production

each testis contain hundreds of lobules, and each lobule contains several of these

51
Q

epididymis

A

tightly coiled tubules that start at the superior end of the testes and travel inferiorly along posteriror lateral side of testes

sperm travel here once produced where they mature and remain until expelled out of the body

sperm mature for 20 days until gain ability to swim

52
Q

sterility

A

is the inability to produce gametes, which occurs if testes don’t descent into scrotum

sperm production require a cooler environemnt than body temp.

53
Q

male duct system

A

contains the accessory organs of the male reproductive system, the epididymis, vas deferens and urethra

54
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm is propelled by muscular contractions once matured

  • contained in the spermatic cord and held in place by the spermatic fascia
  • travels
55
Q

Spermatic fascia

A
  • surrounds the vas deferens as well as other nerves and blood vessels
  • holds the vas deferens in place
56
Q

inguinal canal

A
  • is the location in the anterior abdominal wall for the spermatic cord to enter
  • the vas deferens travels inside spermatic cord superioly via here
57
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

is formed when the vas deferens descents at the base of the prostate gland and connects with the duct of the seminal vesicle

connects with the urethra to provide an exit for sperm

58
Q

vasectomy

A
  • procedure in which the vas deferens is cut and tied off
  • permanently prevents sperm from exiting the body
  • doesn’t affect testosterone production
59
Q

male urethra

A

travels from bladder through the penis carrying urine

part of male reproductive and urinary systems; both cant happen at once

consists of 3 regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy urethra

60
Q

prostatic urethra

A

surrounded by the prostate gland

61
Q

membranous urethra

A

begins at the end of the prostatic urethra and travels to the penis

62
Q

spongy urethra

A

runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external orifice

63
Q

penis

A

is a cylindrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum

spongy, erectile tissue that contains distensible blood spaces and extends through the shaft

made up of the shaft and glans penis

64
Q

shaft

A

is a long cylindrical part of the penis that is made up of a left and right corpus cavernosum and one corpus spongiosum

65
Q

glans penis

A

is the enlarged tip of the penis

at birth, a fold of skin called the foreskin is located here

66
Q

erection

A

during arousal, the nervoys system reflexes cause increased arterial blood flow to the penis in which spaces fill w/ blood in erectile tissue

the penis stiffens and increases in size

enables penis to be inserted into vagina when sexually aroused

67
Q

scrotum

A

is a poutch of skin that holds the testes outside the body posterior to penis; held in place by the spermatic fascia

skin can adjust to outside temp, contracting when outside temp is cold, allowing sperm to get additional heat from body and expanding when temp are warm to keep sperm away from higher body temp.

68
Q

semen

A

is a thick, whitish fluid that contains sperm and accessory gland secretions

about 200-500 million are expelled during ejaculation

69
Q

semen components

A
  • fructose (sugar for fuel)
  • prostaglandins (Facilitate movement)
  • relaxin (an alkalin pH that enhances movement)
  • antibiotic (to kill bacteria in male urethra or female reproductive system that would kill sperm)
70
Q

seminal vesicles

A

pairs that lie at the base of the bladder that join w/ vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct that enters the urethra

  • secrete a thick, viscous fluid containing nutrients (vitamin C, fructose and prostaglandins) for use by sperm
71
Q

3 glands that contribute to semenal fluids

A

seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands

72
Q

prostate gland

A

located below the bladder that secretes a milky, alkaline fluid that helps to increase the mobility of sperm

may become enlargened in men; constricting uretrha and making urination slow or difficult

73
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

pair of small glands located slightly below the prostate gland on either side of urethra

secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acididty of urine that may be inside urethra (acididty may be detrimental to sperm)

74
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm that can take 64-72 days to complete

starts at onset of puberty and continue to produce throuhgout male’s lifetime

75
Q

spermatogonia

A

where sperm are formed from in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

are stem cells that undergo mitotic division (46 chromosomes each) begining at birth until puberty

76
Q

male FSH

A

Is secreted by anterior pituitary gland once male starts puberty

spermatogonia undergo cell division; one of cells contiunes the stem line, while the other cell becomes the primary spermatocyte

77
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

undergoes meiosis to produces 4 gametes w/ 23 chromosomes each

  • known in male reproductive system as spermatids, which all 4 become viable gametes
78
Q

spermatids

A

four gametes produced by meiosis from the primary spermatocyte

are not mature sperm and must undergo spermiogenesis

79
Q

spermiogenesis

A

is the final stage in which the surplus cytoplasm is stripped away to form mature sperm

80
Q

mature sperm

A

must contain a head, midspiece and tail

81
Q

head of sperm

A

contains almost entirely of nucleus and cell DNA w/ a crown called acrosome

acrosome contains enzymes that break down the egg emmbrane to allow sperm to pentrate

82
Q

midpiece of sperm

A

contains numerous mitochondria that generate locomotive energy needed by sperm

83
Q

tail

A

is a typlical flagellum used to propel sperm through the female reprodutive tract

84
Q

gametes

A

are sex cells that humans reproduce through sexual reproduction

specialized as eggs (oocytes) in females and sperm (spermatocytes) in males

85
Q

copulation

A

is the sexual union to facilitate reception of sperm by female

86
Q

diploid cells

A

are human cells throughout the body that contain 46 chromosomes that have 2n or the full # of chromosomes

undergo mitosis in which as the cell divides into 2 cells, each containing 46 chromosomes each

87
Q

haploid

A

are gamete cells because they contain 23 chromosomes

when mature, the cell divides 2x: the first mitosis division provides 2 new cells that have 46, the second meiosis division produces 4 gametes w/ 23 chromosomes each

88
Q

zygote

A

is when a sperm gamete and egg gemete combine to form a fertilized egg

pregnancy begins when this is created

89
Q

46 chromosomes

A

-determine genetic characteristics of child, such as eye color and skin

sex is determined by the father since they carry one X and one Y chromosome

90
Q

pregnancy

A

begins when an egg is fertilized by sperm

sperm are viable for 3-5 days after ejaculation

an egg can survive up to 24 hours

91
Q

fertilization

A

typically occurs in oviducts where the egg releases chemicals that attract sperm

copulation must take place by 1 day after ovulation, or 2 days before

92
Q

corona radiata

A

follicle cells that surround an egg

is broken down when a sperm cell releases acrosomal enzymes to fertilize egg

chemical changes of the membrane occur instantaneoulsy to prevent other sperm from penetrating egg

93
Q

morula

A

forms when zygote spends 3-4 days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts

94
Q

blastocyst

A

forms 3-4 days after morula when zygote undergoes mitosis unattached in the uterus

happens as the endometrium prepares for implantation

progesterone releases from corpus luteum and endometrium increases in bloo supply and secretes glycogen = this helps to sustain this before implanting in endometrium

implants into endometrium on day 7, in which some cells begin to develop 3 layers that become the embryo

also form supportive cells for embryonic function

95
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

is secreted by the blastocyst in which stimulates the corpus luteum to secret progesterone

presence of this will result in a positive pregnancy test

96
Q

layers of the embryo

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

97
Q

supportive cells for embryonic function

A

placenta, amnion and umbilical cord

98
Q

amnion

A

forms a sac filled w/ fluid to cushion and protect the fetus

99
Q

placenta

A

is a temporary organ tha carries out nutritive, respiratory, exretory and endocrine functions for embryo

proides nutrients for the fetus as it continues to grow in the uterus for 9 months until delivery

100
Q

umbilical cord

A

attaches the embryo to the placenta

101
Q

ectoderm layer

A

develops the skin and nervous tissue of fetus

102
Q

endoderm layer

A

forms the glands (thyroid, parathyroid and thymus), solid organs (pancreas and liver) and lining of hollow organs of digestive and respiratory system of fetus

103
Q

mesoderm layer

A

contributes to development of the cardiovascular system, RBC and muscle of fetus

104
Q

first trimester

A

development of fetus for months 1-3

development of nervous and cardiovascular systems

heart beats around week 3

fetal heart beat can be detected around week 6

head shape is formed for majority

arms and legs begin to form by week 13 and forms moveable joints, fingers and toes

eyes, ears and nose form but not on correct location on head

105
Q

second trimester

A

months 4-6 of fetal devlopment

eyes, ears and nose move to correct position on head

head and body grow proper proportions

eyes develop to detect light and dark on week 16

unique fingerprints develop on hands

other can feel movements around week 18-21

develops lanugo

fetus develops sleep/wake cycles and regulated heart beat

106
Q

third trimester

A

months 7-9 of fetal dvelopment characterized by continued development of systems in place

testes descend in scrotum of males

baby incareases in wieght and begins to develop fat

sucking reflexes begin around week 32-vital for feeding

lung maturation and temp. self-regulation occur- 2 important developmental milestones for babys survival outside uterus

baby is around 19-22 in. long and 6-10lbs on average at the end

107
Q

neuralation

A

occurs during week 5 in which the neural tube is formed from outer folds of the ectoderm

108
Q

neural tube

A

forms underneath epidermis to become the neural creste

the neural plate becomes the neural groove and becomes the neural tube once the neural folds converge

anterior part of neural tube becomes the brain; the rest becomes the brainstem and spinal cord

109
Q

spina bifida

A

is a disorder caused if neuraltion doesn’t completely close neural tue

people will have varying levesl of sensory and/or motor disabilities

pregnant mothers recommended to take folic acid to prevent this happening

110
Q

fetus

A

embryo becomes this after week 8

begins to move but is still too small to be felt during 1st trimester

111
Q

lanugo

A

fetal hair that develops on fetus’ body to keep it warm

112
Q

labor and delivery

A

occurs normally during 40th week (or 38-42 weeks) to conclude birth of baby

can be divided into 3 stages: dilation of cervix, delivery of baby, and delivery of placenta

113
Q

dilation of cervix

A

first stage of labor and delivery in which takes the longest (6-10 hrs)

cervix must dilate to 10 cm; uterus contracts which pushes baby’s head against cervix causing it to dilate (widen)

oxytocin is a hormone released to stiumlate contractions in myometrium of uterus that increases as contractions continue

114
Q

delivery of baby

A

is the second stage of labor and deivery

time it takes the baby to be pushed out of birth canal after full dilation

mother uses abdominal muscles to push baby w/ uteral contractions through the cervix and out of vagina

shorter stage that lasts about 50 min.

umbilical cord is tied and cut after child is born

115
Q

afterbirth

A

third stage of delivery that refers to placenta being pushed out

occurs within 15 min of birth of child

needs to be delivered or removed after birth or uterine bleeding with continue

AP2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions