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AP2 > Nervous System Part 3: Special Senses > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 3: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five special senses?

A

vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium

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2
Q

what are the outer fibrous layer made of?

A

sclera and cornea

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3
Q

the posterior portion of the eye

aka “white of the eye”

A

the sclera

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4
Q

anterior part of the eye

transparent part where light enters

A

cornea

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5
Q

fills space btw the cornea and lens

A

aqueous humor

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6
Q

what does the middle layer of the eye include?

A

the ciliary muscle, choroid and iris

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7
Q

darkly colored and posterior to the eye

prevents light from dispersing throughout eye

highly vascular and supples blood to other layers of the eye

A

choroid

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8
Q

changes shape of the lens allowing it to focus

A

ciliary body

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9
Q

anterior to the ciliary body that contains a colored part of the eye

controls the amount of light let into the pupil

uses muscle fibers to contract or dilate based on amount of light in environment

A

iris

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10
Q

a hole in the center of the iris

A

pupil

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11
Q

the inner sensory layer includes what?

A

retina

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12
Q

contains 2 photoreceptors called rods and cones

A

retina

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13
Q

cells sensitive to light

A

photoreceptors

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14
Q

operate in bright light

help to see sharp COLORFUL images

A

cones

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15
Q

stimulated in dim light and are more numerous

A

rods

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16
Q

located posterior to iris and pupil

A

lens

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17
Q

chamber filled w/ vitreous fluid

A

vitreous body

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18
Q

helps to hold retina firmly to choroid

A

vitreous fluid

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19
Q

vision pathway

A

light passes into eye through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to the posterior surface of the eye on the retina

photoreceptors in retina sign optic nerve on optic chiasm where optic tracts are made and terminate at the LGN

light info continues from thalamaus via optic radiations to primary visual area of occipital lobe to interpret as vision

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20
Q

are signaled by photoreceptors in the retina when light comes in to pass to optic chiasam

A

optic nerve

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21
Q

located at the base of the hypothalamus

fibers of the optic nerve cross to the other side when they reach here to form optic tracts

A

optic chiasm

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22
Q

formed when optic nerves cross at optic chiasm

terminate in thalamus at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

optic tracts

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23
Q

field closest to the nose

A

nasal visual field

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24
Q

located on later side of eye

A

peripheral vision field

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25
Q

Overlapping information in the nasal visual fields allows for 3-D vision

A

binocular visual field

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26
Q

turns eye mediall

A

medial rectus

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27
Q

turns eye medially

innervated by the oculomotor nerve

A

medial rectus

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28
Q

eye medially and elevates it

innervated by the oculomotor nerve

A

superior rectus

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29
Q

responsible fo eye elevation, lateral movement and external rotation

innervated by the oculomotor nerve

A

inferior oblique

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30
Q

fifth muscle that is controlled by the trochlear nerve

responsible for eye depression, lateral movement and internal rotation

A

superior oblique

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31
Q

moves the eye medially and depresses it

innervated by the oculomotor nerve

A

inferior rectus

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32
Q

controlled by abducens nerve and turns the eye laterally

A

lateral rectus

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33
Q

lenses that slowly become hardened and cloudy over time

make vision look blurry b/c light is unable to enter

A

cataracts

34
Q

caused by damage to the abducens nerve

aka double vision

test is look left and right

A

diplopia

35
Q

consists of the auricle and external acoustic canal (meatus)

A

external ear

36
Q

shaped to funnel sound waves into the external acoustic canal so that sounds can be detected

made of cartilage covered with thin skin

A

auricle

37
Q

elastic cartilage covering auricle

A

helix/rim

38
Q

he tunnel between the auricle and tympanic membrane

becomes a cylinder through the temporal bone

A

external acoustic meatus

39
Q

The canal is lined with skin containing hairs and glands that secrete this

trap foregin materials and acteria

A

cerumen (Earwax)

40
Q

inner end of the ear canal ends here

a thin membrane of connective tissue whose vibration transmits sound energy to the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

41
Q

is an air-filled chamber containing the ossicles

A

middle (tympanic cavity)

42
Q

the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

smalles bones in the body

A

ossicles

43
Q

receives the vibrations from the eardrum and transfers them along through the incus

A

malleus

44
Q

conveys vibrations to the inner ear

A

stapes

45
Q

composed of the bony and membranous labyrinths filled with fluid

A

inner ear

46
Q

connects to the 3 semicircular canals that house receptors to provide the bodys vestibular system

A

vestibule

47
Q

equilibrium and balance

A

vestibular system

48
Q

occurs from damage to the nerve pathway, specifically, the receptor cells or cochlear nerve that transmit them to brain

can be partial or complete in one or both ears

A

nerve deafness

49
Q

occurs from damage to outer or middle ear

not complete deafness b/c sound waves can be conducted through cranial bones to organ of Corti

i.e buildup of earwax can block sound waves

ossicles fuse, decreasing vibrations

A

conduction deafness

50
Q

Damage to the auditory pathway results in hearing loss

can be partial or total

A

deafness

51
Q

divided into three sections: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

A

bony lambyrinth

52
Q

filled with fluid that contain equilibrium receptors that cause action potentials in response to motion (head movements or rotation)

action potentials are sent thorugh vestibular part of cranial nerve 8

contribute to vestibular sense

A

semicircular canals

53
Q

spiral, bony chamber containing membranous endolymp filled cochlear duct

house the organ of corti and terminates at cochlear nerve

A

cochlea

54
Q

is the sense organ for the auditory system

contains the tectorial membrane and tiny hairs called stereocilia

A

organ of Corti

55
Q

moves and bends stereocilia whne the fluid in the cochlear duct receive vibrations

A

tectorial membrane

56
Q

moves and bends stereocilia whne the fluid in the cochlear duct receive vibrations

A

tectorial membrane

57
Q

are bipolar receptor cells found in the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity

travel through the ethmoid bone in a location called the cribriform plate

A

olfactory nerves

58
Q

is a special sense and is one of the chemical senses.

receptors are activated by airborne chemical substances dissolved in fluid on nasal mucous membranes

A

smell/olfaction

59
Q

paired masses of gray matter where olfactory nerve axons synapse with other cell bodies of the olfactory pathway

A

olfactory bulbs

60
Q

formed when axons travel together from the olfactory bulbs

carry info to temporal lobes

signals are interpreted here in the primary olfaction area as smell

A

olfactory tracts

61
Q

defined as a combination of a limited number of primary odors that are detectable by the brain.

A

smell

62
Q

seven primary odors are

A

floral (roses), ethereal (dry-cleaning fluid), camphorates (mothballs), musky (perfumes), peppermint (mint gum), pungent (vinegar) and putrid (rotten eggs)

63
Q

responsible for the special sense of taste

A

gustatory system

64
Q

is one of the chemical senses because its receptors are activated by chemical substances dissolved in saliva

A

taste (Gustation)

65
Q

are inside taste buds mostly on the tongue but are also throughout the mouth and throat

A

taste receptors

66
Q

responsible for gripping food and repositioning it between the teeth, forming a bolus

A

tongue

67
Q

compact mass made by food gripped by the tongue

A

bolus

68
Q

part of the tongue located anteriory

A

apex

69
Q

attached to the floor of the posterior surface of the mouth.

A

root

70
Q

located on the inferior surface of the tongue along the midline

A

frenulum

71
Q

raised bumps on the tongue

A

papillae

72
Q

3 ypes of papillae that help to grip food on the tongue

A

circumvallate, fungiform and fiiform

73
Q

contain chemical receptors that are stimulated by the chemical composition of food

found on the tongue and wall of pharnyx

formed by gustatory cells and supporting cells

A

taste buds

74
Q

form the bulk of the taste bud and separate the taste receptors cells from one another.

A

supporting cells

75
Q

are the chemoreceptor cells inside the taste buds

each one terminates in a gustatory hair that projects into saliva to detect chemical

A

gustatory cells

76
Q

serve as stem cells, which divide and differentiate into new supporting cells that then form new gustatory cells.

A

basal cells

77
Q

as food chemicals contact the gustatory hairs, which generate an action potential in dendrites that are wrapped around the gustatory cells

he nerve impulse is carried by afferent fibers through two cranial nerve pairs, the facial nerves, and the glossopharyngeal nerves

transmit impulses to thalmaus to the parietal lobe to be interpreted as taste

A

taste pathway

78
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes:

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter savory (umami)

79
Q

loss of smell

can also happen in the case of a growing brain tumor that blocks the olfactory pathway

A

anosmia

sounds like insomnia

80
Q

loss of sensation of taste

When the olfactory receptors are obstructed by nasal congestion or other factors, the sensation of taste is dulled or completely lost.

A

ageusia

think gustatory

AP2 (9 decks)

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