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ap2 > Nervous System Part 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

are cavities within the brain filled w/ CSF

(4 in total)

two lateral, and the fourth drains into the central canal of the spinal cord that contains CSF

A

ventricles

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2
Q

The skeletal system, meninges, CSF and blood brain barrier do what?

A

protect the brain

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3
Q

are 3 layers of connective tisue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF

A

Meninges

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4
Q

is a leathery double-layer outer meninx

A

Dura Mater

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5
Q

is a middle loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

A

Arachnoid Meninx

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6
Q

area beneath eneath the arachnoid meninx that has blood vessels and is filled with CSF

A

Subaracnoid Space

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7
Q

separates the arachnoid layer from dura mater

A

Subdural Space

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8
Q

is a special fluid formed in the walls of the ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the choroid plexus

helps protect the brains by providing buoyancy to allow it to float

circulates the ventricles and meninges into subarachnoid space

A

CSF

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9
Q

inner thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain

A

pia mater meninx

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10
Q

formed from a network of blood vessels within the ventricles where CSF permeats through

A

choroid plexus

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11
Q

is a diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation

formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes

maintenance to this is important for providing a stable chemical environment for nervous system and protect neurons from uncontrollable firing

A

Blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass

consists of a left and right cerebral hemisphere

responsible for consciousness

governs intelligence, reasoning and higher thinking

controls activities of the lower parts of the brain and can override their functioning (diencephelan, brainstem, limbic system and cerebellum)

initiates voluntary motor control and controls actions of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus

i.e. using meditation or medical biofeedback to reduce high heart rate

A

cerebrum

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13
Q

are two left and right large masses of the cerebrum seperated by median longitudinal fissure

A

cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

separates left and right cerebral hemispheres from each other

A

median longitudinal fissure

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15
Q

cerebral cortex is marked by raised riges of tissues called?

A

gyri

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16
Q

shallow grooves on brain tissue

A

sulci

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17
Q

deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

A

fissures

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18
Q

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

transverse fissure

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19
Q

cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of white nerve fibers

A

corpus callosum

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20
Q

outer portion of the cerebral hemisphere that is highly convuluted and gray in color

A

cerebral cortex

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21
Q

controls higher level executive functions, such as reasoning and decision making

controls motor functions and permits voluntary muscle actions

A

frontal lobe

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22
Q

receives sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and those located in skin (touch, pressure, pain)

A

parietal lobe

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23
Q

interprets visual input

A

occipital lobe

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24
Q

receives sensory info such as hearing and smelling

A

temporal lobe

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25
Q

receive or send info in each lobe for one type of sensory or motor info

A

primary areas

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26
Q

act to integrate more than one type of sensory info for purposeful action

located in each of the four lobes which help to integrate higher and more complex levels of consciousness
(intellect, artisitc/creative abilitiy, learning, memory)

i.e. primary motor cortex in part of the frontal lobe

A

association areas

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27
Q

controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body

aka the precentral gyrus or somatomotor cortex

A

primary motor cortex

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28
Q

found in the frontal lobe that is responsible for speech production

A

Broca’s area

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29
Q

located in the temporal love that’s responsible for speech comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

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30
Q

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain are part of the?

A

brainstem

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31
Q

lies between the spinal cord and pons and is anterior to the cerebellum

contains several vital centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction

contains the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

contains tracts that ascend or descend between the spinal cord and brain’s higher centers

A

medulla oblangata

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32
Q

is constriction of the blood vessels involved in the regulation of blood pressure

A

vasoconstriciton

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33
Q

contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

functions with the medulla to regulate the breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

A

Pons (“pont” = bridge en francais)

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34
Q

acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum

also has reflex centers for higher-level reflexes involving visual, auditory, and tactile responses

contain superior and inferior colliculi

A

midbrain

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35
Q

regions of the midrain that control reflexes for the head and neck in response to sudden visual or auditory stimulus

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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36
Q

contain the hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

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37
Q

forms the floor of the third ventricle, maintains homeostasis, or the constancy of the internal environment

contains centers for regulating basic body functions, such as hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure

controls the pituitary gland

serves as a link btw nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus (think “homeostasis”)

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38
Q

regulates hormones in the body of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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39
Q

in the roof of the third ventricle

last portion of the brain for sensory input before the cerebrum

serves aas central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from other body parts and the rain to cererum

receives all sensory info (Except smell), filters out unimportant sensory info and directs it to right regions of the cerebrum to be interpreted

A

thalamus

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40
Q

forms the roof of third ventricle

made of pineal gland

A

epithalamus

“epi” = above

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41
Q

secretes melatonin and located in the epithalamus

A

pineal gland

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42
Q

hormone responsible for wake-sleep cycle

produced in pineal gland

A

melatonin

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43
Q

located inferiolry and posterior to brain

convuluted and divided into 2 hemispheres w/ deep fisures

known as the ‘‘mini-brain”

composed of a thin outer cortex of gray matter and inner white matter

serves to coordinate body movements by relaying info to cerebral motor cortex

involved w/ maintaining balance, controlling certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone, and posture

A

cerebellum

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44
Q

degree at which muscles remain partially contracted when at rest

monitored and mainted by cerebellum constantly to keep bones and joints in place

A

muscle tone

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45
Q

receive info from the body trunk

influence motor activities of trunk, shoulder and pectoral girdle

A

anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum

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46
Q

intermediate part of the cerebellum

coordinates limb movements

A

vermis

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47
Q

serve to connect the cerebellum to the other parts of the brain

found on the anterior part of the cerebellum

A

cerebellar peduncles

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48
Q

involves part of unconscious and conscious brain

aka the emotional/feeling brain b/c stimulation of areas cause rage, pain, pleassure or sorrow

affects emotional aspects of our behavior

involved w/ processes of learning and memory (both long and short term)

found beneath cereral cortex and has neural pathways that connect parts of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, hypothalamus and thalamus

A

limbic system

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49
Q

located deep to cerebrum which serves to connect different lobes of cerebrum

also called the limbic lobe

A

cingulate gyrus

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50
Q

acts as a memory center to help retrieve and store memories

why emotionally charged memories are most vivid is due to involvment of limbic system

A

hippocampus

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51
Q

smal part of the limbic system involved w/ emotions such as rage and anger

A

amygdala

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52
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers that act as a connection to hippocampus

A

fornix

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53
Q

contain fibers that project into thalamus and assist w/ memory of smell

A

mamillary bodies

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54
Q

masses of gray matter deep within each hemisphere of cerebrum

also part of limbic system

responsible for working w/ cerebellum to regulate motor moovments and learning

contain the putamen, caudate nucleus, and Globus pallidus

overall effect is to have an inhibitory effect on cerebral cortex (slow and control precise movements)

A

basal nuclei (aka basal ganglia)

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55
Q

a disorder of the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

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56
Q

is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease in which an individual has difficulty w/ motor planning and has rigid movements

A

Apraxia

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57
Q

where the spinal cord terminates at the first lumbar vertebra

A

conus medullaris

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58
Q

is a collection of nerve roots in which the spinal cord extends from L1

runs to the end at the coccyx

A

cauda equina

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59
Q

a single layer sheath separated from vertebral columb by the epidural space

A

spinal dura mater

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60
Q

extension of pia mater that runs from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

acts as the inferior anchor for spinal cord

A

filum terminale

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61
Q

the removal of fluid for diagnostic testing

located in the cerebrospinal filled subarachnoid space inferior to end of spinal cord

region has less risk of damaging spinal cord from need insertion

A

spinal tap

62
Q

two grooves on the surface of the spinal cord

A

the anterior median fissure and the shallower posterior median sulcus

63
Q

s an opening that runs the length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

central canal

64
Q

area within spinal cord composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers organized into regions called columns.

A

white matter

65
Q

bundle of axons in the CNS

these cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord in which the left brain side controls the right body and the right brain controls the left body

A

tract

66
Q

The white matter fibers of the spinal cord are mostly composed of _____ tracts that proceed up the brain carrying sensory inputs

A

ascending tracts

67
Q

these ______ proceed down within the spinal cord carrying motor output w/ a few commissural tracts

A

descending tracts

68
Q

carries incoming afferent sensory neurons

A

dorsal root

69
Q

contains cell bodies of afferent neurons

A

dorsal root ganglion

70
Q

contains axons of motor neurons

A

ventral root

71
Q

formed by joining of dorsal and ventral roots on each side of the spinal cord

A

spinal nerve

72
Q

a cross bar that connects the ventral anterior horns

A

gray commissure

73
Q

contain somatic motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent (motor) pathways to skeletal muscles by ventral roots

A

anterior (Ventral) horns

74
Q

serves as one of the afferent (sensory) pathways from receptors via dorsal roots of spinal cord

A

posterior (dorsal) horns

75
Q

located at thoracic level of spinal cord of gray matter

contain autonomic sympathetic motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to visceral organs

exit via the ventral roots of spine along somoatic motor neurons

A

(2) lateral horns

76
Q

contains nerves that control skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

includes all nerves that serve the musculoskeletal system and exterior sense organs, including the skin

A

somatic nervous system

77
Q

are exterior sense organs, including sense organs embedded in the skin

receive environmental stimuli, and then initiate nerve impulses towards the central nervous system

A

receptors

78
Q

bring about a reaction to the stimulus in the peripheral nervous system

these include glands and muscle fibers

A

effectors

79
Q

contains nerves that control the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands

nerves here are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions

A

autonomic system

80
Q

are either sensory nerves (having long dendrites of sensory neurons only), motor nerves (having long axons of motor neurons only), or mixed nerves (having both long dendrites and long axons)

humans have 12 pairs attached to the brain

control the head, neck and face (Except vagus nerve which controls the internal organs

A

cranial nerves (CN)

81
Q

carry information responsible for sight, smell, hearing, or balance

A

special sensory nerves

82
Q

s a special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell, originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in the olfactory bulbs

only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum, not the brainstem.

A

olfactory (CN I)

83
Q

found in the PNS and consists of thousands of axons together in connective tissue

A

a nerve

84
Q

cell bodies of neurons grouped together and make up part of a single nerve

A

ganglia

85
Q

C01- C08

A

cervical (cranial) nerves

86
Q

two short branches that lie within the vertebral column where each spinal nerve emerges from

A

root

87
Q

has axons of sensory afferent neurons that conduct impulses to the cord

A

dorsal root

88
Q

contains axons of efferent motor neurons that conduct impulses away from the cord

A

ventral root

89
Q

smaller branches that contain nerves serving the dorsal parts of the trunk,

carrying visceral motor, somatic motor and sesnory info to and from skin and back muscles

A

dorsal ramus

90
Q

larger branchains that contain nerves serving the ventral parts of the trunk, upper and lower limbs

carrying visceral motor, somatic motor and sensory info to and from body surface, strucutres in the boy wall and limbs

A

ventral ramus

91
Q

a network of interconnecting nerves

some ventral rami emrge w/ adjacent ventral rami to form these

nerves emerging here contain fibrers from various spinal nerves carried together to a tarket locaiton

include cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses

A

plexus

92
Q

region of skin that carries sensory info through a specific pair of spinal nerves to the brain

A

dermatome

93
Q

is a combo of ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5

A

cervical plexus

94
Q

most important nerve of cervical plexus

supplies both sensory and otor fibers to the diaphragm

irritation of this nerve causes hiccups

severing this nerve causes paralysis of the diaphragm

three, four, five keeps the diaphragm alive,” relating to C3-C5 nerve

A

phrenic nerve

95
Q

motor loss of function

A

paralysis

96
Q

a mechanical respirator that helps one to breath when diaphragm is paralyzed

A

ventilator

97
Q

nerves branch off of the upper extremities to form this combo of ventral rami of nerves C5-T1

Roots of C5-T1 form 4 trunks, the superior, middle and inferior

A

brachial plexus

98
Q

supplies 3 muscles: the eltoid (shoulder muscle), teres minor (rotator cuff muscle) and triceps brachii (elbow extensor)

also carries sensory info from shoulder joints

A

axillary nerve

99
Q

supplies triceps brachii muscle of the arm and 12 muscles in forearm controlling wrist and finger extension

carries sensory info from associated joints and overlying skin

A

radial nerve

100
Q

supplies flexor muscles of forearm adn skin of first 3 digits and a half fingers

travels medially on anterior surface of the elbow

A

median nerve

101
Q

supplies part of the flexor muscles of forearm, wrist and hand, ring finger and pinky

travels posteriorly behind medial elbow and along ulnar side of forearm

A

ulnar nerve

102
Q

arises from the ventral rami of L1-L4

has an anterior and posterior division that branch into nerves to supply the pelvis an lower extremities

A

lumbar plexus

103
Q

is the major nerve of the lumbar plexus

supplies the hip flexors and knee extensors as well as sensation to the anterior thigh

A

femoral nerve

104
Q

supplies sensory info from skin of anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

105
Q

receives sensation from the medial side of the leg

A

saphenous nerve

106
Q

nerves that arise from ventral rami of L4-S4

A

sacral plexus

107
Q

arises from the sacral plexus and makes up the largest nerve in the human body

supplies the inferior trunik and posterior surface of the thigh

has 2 main branches in the lower leg: common fibular and tibial nerve

A

sciatic nerve

108
Q

part of the PNS made of motor neurons that control internal organs automatically

sensory neurons from these internal organs allow us to feel pain

cell bodies for these are in the DRG w/ somatic sensory neurons

contain 2 systems: sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

autonomic nervous system

109
Q

motor neuron cell body located in the spinal cord or brain

axon synapes w/ a second motor neuron located in the autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord

A

preganglionic axon

110
Q

axon of the ganglionic motor neuron that synapses on an effector organ in PNS

A

postganglionic axon

111
Q

also known as the thoracolumbar division b/c it has preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord

is our fight or flight response in emergencies,

increases glycose and o2 supply for muscular contraction, active muscles

acceleration of heartbeat, dilation of bronchi, increased breathing rate, inhibits digestion

causes the liver to deliver more glucose for the body’s increased metabolic needs

norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter

contains 4 ganglia: sympathetic trunk ganglia, celiac ganglion, superiomesenteric ganglion and inferior mesnteric ganglion

A

sympathetic system

112
Q

is the neurotransmitter released in the sympathetic system

the neuron is called adrenergic

A

norepineprhine (NE)

113
Q

ganglia located on both sides of the spinal cord that control effector organs in trunk, head, and limbs

contained in the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic trunk ganglia

114
Q

largest of the ganglia that innervate the digestive system

contained in the sympathetic nervous system

A

celiac ganglion

115
Q

ganglia that innervates the small intestine and parts of the large intestine

contained in the sympathetic nervous system

A

superiomesnteric ganglion

116
Q

ganglia that innervates the large intestine, kidneys, bladder, and sex organs.

contained in the sympathetic nervous system

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

117
Q

associated w/ CN 3 (Oculormotor) that targets the intrinsic eye muscles, which change the pupil and lens.

A

ciliary ganglion

118
Q

Associated with CN VII (hypoglossal) , the target organs are for tear production, nasal glands, and salivary glands.

A

Submandibular ganglion & Pterygopalatine ganglion

119
Q

ssociated with CN IX (spinal accessory) , the target glands are the parotid glands.

A

Otic ganglion

120
Q

associated w/ CN X (Vagus) that targets glands in visceral organs and thoracic cavity

A

Intramural ganglia:

121
Q

a slight injury of the head that causes mild and transisent symptoms such as diziness or brief loss of consciousness

no permanent neurological damage

A

concussion

122
Q

results in signiifcant tissue damage caused by a more serious impact

causes coma for hours or a lifetime

A

brain contusion

123
Q

rupture in a blood vessel can cause blood to accumulate in the skull

A

hemorrhage

124
Q

when the amount of pressure increases inside the skull

this can occur after a hemorrhage since the BV takes up space

this pressure can force the brain stem down and damage it, which can affect the BP

A

Intracranial pressure

125
Q

impaired motor coordination resulting from an injury to cerebellum

A

Ataxia

126
Q

occurs when blood ciruclation to the brain is blocked

brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients supplied

severity depends on vessel blocked

CT scans are used to detec them

2 types include a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke

A

CVA (cerebrovascular accident) or stroke

127
Q

an imaging technology called a computer tomography scan that uses x-rays to take visual cross-sections of the brain

can determine if a stroke occured

A

CT Scan (or CAT scan)

128
Q

due to blockage by blood clots or fat deposits in a cerebral atery

A

ischemic stroke

129
Q

occurs when a very small clot causes a temporary block in blood flow, but then dissolves.

A

TIA is a transient ischemic attack

130
Q

occurs due to a “brain bleed” when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures

can cause death if severe

A

a hemorrhagic stroke

131
Q

is a phenomenon in which ndamaged neurons in the surrounding area sprout new branches that spread into the area of injury and take over some lost functions

A

neural plasticity

132
Q

is a general term for Alheimers and all brain disorders with memory deficits.

A

dementia

133
Q

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain, usually seen in the elderly, that ultimately results in mental decline until the brain can no longer control bodily functions

associated w/ strucutural changes in cerebral cortex

plaques form and entangle the dendrites within the brain, preventing neurons from firing which eventually leads to cell death

he progressive loss of brain tissue, particularly in the frontal lobe, causes mood and behavior changes, such as suspicions about family, friends, and caregivers

A

Alzheimer’s disease

134
Q

a rare neuromuscular condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons (motor neuron cell bodies)

causes paralyis in which one loses the ability to speak, swallow and eventually breathe

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease

135
Q

caused by any localized damage to the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots

loss of motor function occurs due to relation w/ skeletal muscles in which nerve inpulses cannot reach them

A

paralysis or sensory loss

136
Q

occurs If the spinal cord is completely severed at any level

Total motor and sensory loss is experienced in body regions below the site of the damage

can’t allow signals to be sent up to the brain or receive signals from the brain

A

complete (total) spinal cord inury

137
Q

paralysis of the lower limbs due to a spinal cord injury btw T1 and L1

A

Paraplegia

138
Q

paralysis of all 4 limbs if spinal cord is injured in cervical region

A

quadriplegia

139
Q

Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel

causes decreased sensation in first 3.5 figits

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

140
Q

occurs if ulnar nerve is damaged

inability to open 4th and 5th fingers

A

claw hand/ ulnar claw

141
Q

due to increased pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles

a condition resulting in pain following the path of the sciatic nerve in the lower pelvis and posterior thigh

A

sciatica

142
Q

due to increased pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles

a condition resulting in pain following the path of the sciatic nerve in the lower pelvis and posterior thigh

A

sciatica

143
Q

Structures specialized to detect one form of energy to a nerve signal to the brain for processing

made of neurons that respond to stimuli in the environment

A

sensory receptors

144
Q

Receptors that respond to temperature

A

thermoreceptors

145
Q

Receptors that are sensitive to light

A

photoreceptors

146
Q

receptors that respond to chemicals (Taste or smell)

A

Receptors that respond to chemicals (taste or smell)

147
Q

receptors that sense pain

A

nocioreceptors

148
Q

is created by a network of blood vessels within the ventricles that produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

149
Q

What does the median longitudinal fissure do?

A

It separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another.

150
Q

what separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

the transverse fissure

151
Q

receives sensory info from the upper lip and upper gums

A

maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

ap2 (9 decks)

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