Cardiovascular System Flashcards
closed circulatory system because the fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
includes the study of the muscular heart, blood vessels, and blood
transport gases, nutrients and wastes throughout body
cardiovascular system
a fist-sized cone-shaped muscular organ located in the pericardial cavity in the anterior portion of the mediastinum between the lungs
the heart
where the heart is housed btw the lungs
mediastinum
each contain a lung
pleural cavities
a thick, tough sac that encloses the heart
protects and anchors the heart ot the diaphragm
inner and outer layers of covered by smooth endothelium
special fluid lubricates the layers to reduce friction
pericardium
bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle which contracts
muscle fibers are highly branched and attached by colagen connective tissue fibers to link all heart parts together
myocardium (Think muscle)
a white sheet of endothelium that lines the heart
is continuous w/ the blood vessel linings
endocardium
divides the heart into 2 right and 2 left chambers by this partition
septum
two upper receiving chambers
smaller than and not as muscular as the ventricles
must force blood through vessels to distant parts of the body
atria
two-lower pumping (sending) chambers
ventricles
shallow depression on the septum separating the atria
marks the place of an opening btw atria present in all developing fetususe
this allows fetal blood to move from right to left atrium, bypassing lungs
fossa ovalis
controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the aorta
stronger than pulmonary valve b/c of the increased BP to send blood throughout the body
aortic valve
controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle
mitral (Bicuspid) valve
controls the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
tricuspid valve
three types of blood vessels used to transport the blood throughout the body
arteries, veins and capilaries
afferent blood vessel bringing deoxgenated blood back to heart (except pulmonary veins)
thinner-walled vessels that are under less pressure from the heart
do not have pulses
have internal valves that open toward hear and close at the end of a heart beat
have compliance (Stretch w/ little recoil) which makes the m have the largeset amount of blood in cardiovascular system
veins
efferent blood vessel that carry blood away from heart
Carry oxygenated blood (Expect pulmonary arteries)
elastic, thick-walled vessels that can expand and contract =
arteries
exchange materials w/ tissues
The branching of arterioles causes formation of even narrower tube
interconnected to form capillary beds to perform exhange of materials
capillaries
are small arteries that constrict and dilate from muscles controlled by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to control BP
responsible for providing differeing levels of BP (peripheral resistance)
arterioles
the opening in the center of a vessel
the lumen
3 layers of arteries and veins
tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima
the most superficial layer of a vessel, which helps to anchor the vessel to the surrounding structures.
tunica externa (Adventitia)
the middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of internal elastic membrane
tunica media
ayer of a vessel contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium.
tunica intima
The blood is collected from the capillary beds by these small veins
maj join to form a vein that returns to heart
venules
runs toward the left side of the heart and divides into the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
supply oxygen rich blood to heart
left coronary artery
supplies blood to both ventricles
anterior interventricular branch
supplies the left atrium and left ventricle
circumflex branch
arise from the base of the aorta and supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissues
runs toward the right side of the heart and divides into the posterior interventricular artery and the marginal artery
right coronary artery
supply the right atrium and right ventricle
marginal artery
is the first branch off the aortic arch
supples blood to the right arm and neck
brachiocephalic trunk
known as the cerebral arterial circule
providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked
is important because neurons must be continuously supplied with oxygen or they will die within minutes
Circle of Willis
are small biconcave disks that carry oxygen
4 million to 6 million red blood cells per 1.0 mm3 of whole blood
mature ones become anucleate (no nucleus) in order to synthesisze hemoglobin before released into blood
live for about 120 and destroyed in liver and spleen
RBC (erythrocytes)
contains iron that combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood
is released when RBC are destroyed so the iron can be recylced and returned ot red bone marrow
hemoglobin
also called leukocytes
They are larger, have a relatively large nucleus, and lack hemoglobin.
WBC
occurs when microorgansims enter body due to an injury b/c there is swelling and reddenng at site
inflammatory response
3 groups of WBC?
granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes
have granules
incldue netrophils, eosinophils and basophils
capable of phagocytosis
granulocytes
inclyde T and B cells
lymphocytes
dont have granules
agranulocytes
are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation
not true cells, but fragments of bone marrow called megakaryocte
help stop blood bleedinb by sticking to edges of a wound
platelets (thrombocytes)
mechanism of a series of events that stop the blood from clotting that is signaled by platelets
coagulation cascade
a clotting factor released by injured tissues and platelets
converts prothrombin to thrombin
prothrombin activator
a protein manufactured by the liver that freely floats in the blood.
fibrinogen
helps to convert fibrinogen to activated fibrin.
thrombin
threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot
RBC become trapped which make clot appear red
fibrin
is formed by the network of fibrin and platelets working together to stop bleedin temporarily
platelet plug
an ezyme that destroys fibrin netowkr and restores fluididy of plasma when blood vessel begins repairment
plasmin
right circuit of the heart that sends deoxyginated blood to lungs to be oxygenated
pulmonary circuit
left circuit of heart that sends oxygenated blood from heart to body’ cells
systemic cirscuit
Large vessel that drains anything below diaphragm
Returns blood to the heart from lower body
inferior vena cavae
are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
pulmonary arteries
Are very large and exit from the heart
i.e. aorta and pulmanry trunk
able to expand when hear beats
conducting arteries
When age, plaque build up and lose elasticity when blood surges in from heart → increase in BP from vessels→ aneurysm
atherosclerosis
Weak point in an artery or a vessel that think wall weakens with each heartbeat until the walls erupt → possibly death or stroke
Aneurysms
Direct branches, thick muscular wall (40 layers of smooth muscle) to withstand pressure
Muscle makes up 75% of arterial wall with some elastic tissue
distributing arteries
due to weakened valves
visible through skin from blood pooling and blackflow in venous system
varicose veins
Large vessels with very thin walls and large lumens (openings in the center of a blood vessel)
i.e. coronary sinus of heart into vna cava
Venous Sinuses
Large vessel that drains anything above diaphragm
Returns blood to the Right Atrium of heart from upper body
superior vena cava
contraction of heart chambers
systole
how long does a heart beat last and how many times does it beat per minute?
0.85 seconds
70 x a minute
3 phases of the cardiac cycle
1st the atria contract for about 0.15 seconds while the ventricles relax.
2nd the ventricles contract for about 0.30 seconds while the atria relax.
3rd , all chambers relax for about 0.40 seconds
relaxation of the chambers
diastole
when the atrioventricular valves (Bicuspid and tricuspid) valves close
lub
when the seminlunar valves close
dub
results from blood being forced into the arteries during ventricular systole
systolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole.
diastolic pressure
Blood pressure is measured with a piece of medical equipment
sphygmomanometer
what 2 systems regulate heart rate
what neurotransmitters are used?
the nervous and endocrine systems
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
where the electrcial impusle that controls the cardiac cycle begins at
found in the RA
known as the “pace maker
sinoatrial node
electrical impulses from SA node spread to atria, traveling into here to the bundle of His
AV node (Atrioventricular node)
After the bundle of His, the impulse travels down to the ventricular apex throught here
causes left and right ventricles to contract
Purkinje fibers
device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart
electrocardiogram/ EKG
Atrial depolarization (active firing of a nerve impulse) and atrial systole are denoted as what?
P-wave
Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole are denoted as
QRS complex
Ventricular repolarization (returning to rest) and ventricular diastole are denoted as
T-wave
when BP drops, blood flow to the brain is reduced and fainting occurs due to decreas of O2 to brain
syncope
fluid accumulation
eart failure causes an abnormal backup of fluids in the body leading to this or high BP
edema
is a buildup of fluid in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure.
Pulmonary edema/ congestive heart failure
Right-sided heart disease tends to cause this
buildup of fluid in the body/limbs
peripheral edema
condition when the systolic and diastolic pressures are significantly higher than 120/80 mm Hg.
silent killer
hypertension
fat deposits that accumlate beneath inner arterial linings
can cause blood clots to form
plaque
stationary blood clot
thrombus
embolus that becomes dislodged in a vessel as it travels
death may occur if it lodges into a vital organ of the brain, heart or lungs
thrombembolism
if a blood clot dislodges and moves along w/ blood
embolus
he blockage of a major artery in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and angina (chest pain).
pulmonary thromboembolism (PE)
ccurs if the blood vessel is entirely blocked by a thrombus or an embolism, causing tissue death in the area supplied by the clogged artery.
Infarction
heart attack
occurs when a part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen
myocardial infarction
procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into artery of arm/leg and inflates a balloon to open artery
angioplasty
drug taken for thromboembolism normally produced by bacteria
streptokinase
drug taken for thromboembolism genetically modified
t-PA
a blood molecule thats converted into plasmin by t-Pa or Streptokinase drugs
plasminogen
an enzyme that dissolves blood clots
plasmiin
If a person has symptoms of angina or a thrombolytic stroke, an anticoagulant this drug may be given by the emergency response team.
aspirin reduces coagulation of platelets and lowers possibility of clot forming
operation where a piece of another blood vessel from patients body is stitched
coronary artery bypass surger
makes up RBC, WBC, and platelets
cell portion of the blood
formed element
made when blood is centrifugd
serum
blood plasma
liquid part of blood that doesnt contain proteins
pressure that pushes fluid into tissues
hydrostatic pressure
pressure that pushes fluid from the tissues intp circulatory system
osmotic pressure
blood pH is what?
7.4
a large mass of dead white blood cells after trying to fight infection that appears as a yellowish fluid.
pus
a clotting factor that is released by the platelets and body tissues which converts prothrombin to thrombin.
?→ Thrombin → converts Fibrinogen → activate Fibrin → Plasmin released once vessel is repaired→ destroys fibrin network → restores plama fluidity
prothrombin activator
TRUE/FALSE The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles.
False
TRUE/FALSEThe heart sounds are of the valves opening.
FALSE (when the valves close)
is chest pain that occurs if the coronary artery is blocked due to plaque buildup.
Consequently, pain will radiate in the left arm → heart attack.
angina pectoris
separates ventricles posteriorly
posterior ventricular sulcus
separates left and right ventricles
located anteriorly btw 2 ventricles
anterior interventricular sulcus
separates atria from ventricles
coranary sulcus
circumflex branch and parts of the veinous drainage of the heart
coranary sinus
