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ap2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

closed circulatory system because the fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart

includes the study of the muscular heart, blood vessels, and blood

transport gases, nutrients and wastes throughout body

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

a fist-sized cone-shaped muscular organ located in the pericardial cavity in the anterior portion of the mediastinum between the lungs

A

the heart

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3
Q

where the heart is housed btw the lungs

A

mediastinum

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4
Q

each contain a lung

A

pleural cavities

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5
Q

a thick, tough sac that encloses the heart

protects and anchors the heart ot the diaphragm

inner and outer layers of covered by smooth endothelium

special fluid lubricates the layers to reduce friction

A

pericardium

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6
Q

bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle which contracts

muscle fibers are highly branched and attached by colagen connective tissue fibers to link all heart parts together

A

myocardium (Think muscle)

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7
Q

a white sheet of endothelium that lines the heart

is continuous w/ the blood vessel linings

A

endocardium

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8
Q

divides the heart into 2 right and 2 left chambers by this partition

A

septum

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9
Q

two upper receiving chambers

smaller than and not as muscular as the ventricles

must force blood through vessels to distant parts of the body

A

atria

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10
Q

two-lower pumping (sending) chambers

A

ventricles

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11
Q

shallow depression on the septum separating the atria

marks the place of an opening btw atria present in all developing fetususe

this allows fetal blood to move from right to left atrium, bypassing lungs

A

fossa ovalis

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12
Q

controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve

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13
Q

controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the aorta

stronger than pulmonary valve b/c of the increased BP to send blood throughout the body

A

aortic valve

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14
Q

controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

A

mitral (Bicuspid) valve

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15
Q

controls the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle.

A

tricuspid valve

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16
Q

three types of blood vessels used to transport the blood throughout the body

A

arteries, veins and capilaries

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17
Q

afferent blood vessel bringing deoxgenated blood back to heart (except pulmonary veins)

thinner-walled vessels that are under less pressure from the heart

do not have pulses

have internal valves that open toward hear and close at the end of a heart beat

have compliance (Stretch w/ little recoil) which makes the m have the largeset amount of blood in cardiovascular system

A

veins

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18
Q

efferent blood vessel that carry blood away from heart

Carry oxygenated blood (Expect pulmonary arteries)

elastic, thick-walled vessels that can expand and contract =

A

arteries

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19
Q

exchange materials w/ tissues

The branching of arterioles causes formation of even narrower tube

interconnected to form capillary beds to perform exhange of materials

A

capillaries

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20
Q

are small arteries that constrict and dilate from muscles controlled by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to control BP

responsible for providing differeing levels of BP (peripheral resistance)

A

arterioles

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21
Q

the opening in the center of a vessel

A

the lumen

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22
Q

3 layers of arteries and veins

A

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

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23
Q

the most superficial layer of a vessel, which helps to anchor the vessel to the surrounding structures.

A

tunica externa (Adventitia)

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24
Q

the middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of internal elastic membrane

A

tunica media

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25
Q

ayer of a vessel contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium.

A

tunica intima

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26
Q

The blood is collected from the capillary beds by these small veins

maj join to form a vein that returns to heart

A

venules

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27
Q

runs toward the left side of the heart and divides into the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

supply oxygen rich blood to heart

A

left coronary artery

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28
Q

supplies blood to both ventricles

A

anterior interventricular branch

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29
Q

supplies the left atrium and left ventricle

A

circumflex branch

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30
Q

arise from the base of the aorta and supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissues

runs toward the right side of the heart and divides into the posterior interventricular artery and the marginal artery

A

right coronary artery

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31
Q

supply the right atrium and right ventricle

A

marginal artery

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32
Q

is the first branch off the aortic arch

supples blood to the right arm and neck

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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33
Q

known as the cerebral arterial circule

providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked

is important because neurons must be continuously supplied with oxygen or they will die within minutes

A

Circle of Willis

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34
Q

are small biconcave disks that carry oxygen

4 million to 6 million red blood cells per 1.0 mm3 of whole blood

mature ones become anucleate (no nucleus) in order to synthesisze hemoglobin before released into blood

live for about 120 and destroyed in liver and spleen

A

RBC (erythrocytes)

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35
Q

contains iron that combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood

is released when RBC are destroyed so the iron can be recylced and returned ot red bone marrow

A

hemoglobin

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36
Q

also called leukocytes

They are larger, have a relatively large nucleus, and lack hemoglobin.

A

WBC

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37
Q

occurs when microorgansims enter body due to an injury b/c there is swelling and reddenng at site

A

inflammatory response

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38
Q

3 groups of WBC?

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes

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39
Q

have granules

incldue netrophils, eosinophils and basophils

capable of phagocytosis

A

granulocytes

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40
Q

inclyde T and B cells

A

lymphocytes

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41
Q

dont have granules

A

agranulocytes

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42
Q

are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation

not true cells, but fragments of bone marrow called megakaryocte

help stop blood bleedinb by sticking to edges of a wound

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

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43
Q

mechanism of a series of events that stop the blood from clotting that is signaled by platelets

A

coagulation cascade

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44
Q

a clotting factor released by injured tissues and platelets

converts prothrombin to thrombin

A

prothrombin activator

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45
Q

a protein manufactured by the liver that freely floats in the blood.

A

fibrinogen

46
Q

helps to convert fibrinogen to activated fibrin.

A

thrombin

47
Q

threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot

RBC become trapped which make clot appear red

A

fibrin

48
Q

is formed by the network of fibrin and platelets working together to stop bleedin temporarily

A

platelet plug

49
Q

an ezyme that destroys fibrin netowkr and restores fluididy of plasma when blood vessel begins repairment

A

plasmin

50
Q

right circuit of the heart that sends deoxyginated blood to lungs to be oxygenated

A

pulmonary circuit

51
Q

left circuit of heart that sends oxygenated blood from heart to body’ cells

A

systemic cirscuit

52
Q

Large vessel that drains anything below diaphragm

Returns blood to the heart from lower body

A

inferior vena cavae

53
Q

are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart.

A

pulmonary arteries

54
Q

Are very large and exit from the heart

i.e. aorta and pulmanry trunk

able to expand when hear beats

A

conducting arteries

55
Q

When age, plaque build up and lose elasticity when blood surges in from heart → increase in BP from vessels→ aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis

56
Q

Weak point in an artery or a vessel that think wall weakens with each heartbeat until the walls erupt → possibly death or stroke

A

Aneurysms

57
Q

Direct branches, thick muscular wall (40 layers of smooth muscle) to withstand pressure
Muscle makes up 75% of arterial wall with some elastic tissue

A

distributing arteries

58
Q

due to weakened valves

visible through skin from blood pooling and blackflow in venous system

A

varicose veins

59
Q

Large vessels with very thin walls and large lumens (openings in the center of a blood vessel)

i.e. coronary sinus of heart into vna cava

A

Venous Sinuses

60
Q

Large vessel that drains anything above diaphragm

Returns blood to the Right Atrium of heart from upper body

A

superior vena cava

61
Q

contraction of heart chambers

A

systole

62
Q

how long does a heart beat last and how many times does it beat per minute?

A

0.85 seconds

70 x a minute

63
Q

3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

1st the atria contract for about 0.15 seconds while the ventricles relax.

2nd the ventricles contract for about 0.30 seconds while the atria relax.

3rd , all chambers relax for about 0.40 seconds

64
Q

relaxation of the chambers

A

diastole

65
Q

when the atrioventricular valves (Bicuspid and tricuspid) valves close

A

lub

66
Q

when the seminlunar valves close

A

dub

67
Q

results from blood being forced into the arteries during ventricular systole

A

systolic pressure

68
Q

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole.

A

diastolic pressure

69
Q

Blood pressure is measured with a piece of medical equipment

A

sphygmomanometer

70
Q

what 2 systems regulate heart rate

what neurotransmitters are used?

A

the nervous and endocrine systems

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

71
Q

where the electrcial impusle that controls the cardiac cycle begins at

found in the RA

known as the “pace maker

A

sinoatrial node

72
Q

electrical impulses from SA node spread to atria, traveling into here to the bundle of His

A

AV node (Atrioventricular node)

73
Q

After the bundle of His, the impulse travels down to the ventricular apex throught here

causes left and right ventricles to contract

A

Purkinje fibers

74
Q

device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart

A

electrocardiogram/ EKG

75
Q

Atrial depolarization (active firing of a nerve impulse) and atrial systole are denoted as what?

A

P-wave

76
Q

Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole are denoted as

A

QRS complex

77
Q

Ventricular repolarization (returning to rest) and ventricular diastole are denoted as

A

T-wave

78
Q

when BP drops, blood flow to the brain is reduced and fainting occurs due to decreas of O2 to brain

A

syncope

79
Q

fluid accumulation

eart failure causes an abnormal backup of fluids in the body leading to this or high BP

A

edema

80
Q

is a buildup of fluid in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure.

A

Pulmonary edema/ congestive heart failure

81
Q

Right-sided heart disease tends to cause this

buildup of fluid in the body/limbs

A

peripheral edema

82
Q

condition when the systolic and diastolic pressures are significantly higher than 120/80 mm Hg.

silent killer

A

hypertension

83
Q

fat deposits that accumlate beneath inner arterial linings

can cause blood clots to form

A

plaque

84
Q

stationary blood clot

A

thrombus

85
Q

embolus that becomes dislodged in a vessel as it travels

death may occur if it lodges into a vital organ of the brain, heart or lungs

A

thrombembolism

86
Q

if a blood clot dislodges and moves along w/ blood

A

embolus

87
Q

he blockage of a major artery in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and angina (chest pain).

A

pulmonary thromboembolism (PE)

88
Q

ccurs if the blood vessel is entirely blocked by a thrombus or an embolism, causing tissue death in the area supplied by the clogged artery.

A

Infarction

89
Q

heart attack

occurs when a part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen

A

myocardial infarction

90
Q

procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into artery of arm/leg and inflates a balloon to open artery

A

angioplasty

91
Q

drug taken for thromboembolism normally produced by bacteria

A

streptokinase

92
Q

drug taken for thromboembolism genetically modified

A

t-PA

93
Q

a blood molecule thats converted into plasmin by t-Pa or Streptokinase drugs

A

plasminogen

94
Q

an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

A

plasmiin

95
Q

If a person has symptoms of angina or a thrombolytic stroke, an anticoagulant this drug may be given by the emergency response team.

A

aspirin reduces coagulation of platelets and lowers possibility of clot forming

96
Q

operation where a piece of another blood vessel from patients body is stitched

A

coronary artery bypass surger

97
Q

makes up RBC, WBC, and platelets

cell portion of the blood

A

formed element

98
Q

made when blood is centrifugd

A

serum

99
Q

blood plasma

A

liquid part of blood that doesnt contain proteins

100
Q

pressure that pushes fluid into tissues

A

hydrostatic pressure

101
Q

pressure that pushes fluid from the tissues intp circulatory system

A

osmotic pressure

102
Q

blood pH is what?

A

7.4

103
Q

a large mass of dead white blood cells after trying to fight infection that appears as a yellowish fluid.

A

pus

104
Q

a clotting factor that is released by the platelets and body tissues which converts prothrombin to thrombin.

?→ Thrombin → converts Fibrinogen → activate Fibrin → Plasmin released once vessel is repaired→ destroys fibrin network → restores plama fluidity

A

prothrombin activator

105
Q

TRUE/FALSE The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles.

A

False

106
Q

TRUE/FALSEThe heart sounds are of the valves opening.

A

FALSE (when the valves close)

107
Q

is chest pain that occurs if the coronary artery is blocked due to plaque buildup.

Consequently, pain will radiate in the left arm → heart attack.

A

angina pectoris

108
Q

separates ventricles posteriorly

A

posterior ventricular sulcus

109
Q

separates left and right ventricles

located anteriorly btw 2 ventricles

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

110
Q

separates atria from ventricles

A

coranary sulcus

111
Q

circumflex branch and parts of the veinous drainage of the heart

A

coranary sinus

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