Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
- take excess fluid and return it to the bloodstream
- extend throughout the body via one-way valves
- merge before entering venous circuit at thoracic or right lymphatic duct
lymphatic vessels
- works to help our immunity and defend the body against disease
- it works closely with the cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
- absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream
- flow to the subclavian veins to join the venous circulation
- work with blood capillaires of the cardiovascular system
- takes up plasma that’s been forced out of the capillaries that hasn’t been absorbed
- similar to veins, but have thinner walls with a smooth muscle layer and valves that help prevent backflow of lymph
lymphatic capillaries
excess fluid entering the lymphatic capilaries
- contains white blood cells, fats, water, proteins, salts and other dissolved substances
lymph
- located at the left shoulder region that fows into the left subclavian vein
- drains fluid from the lower extremities, abdomen, left arm and left side of the head and neck
- aka the left lymphatic duct
larger thoracic duct
- located at the right shoulder region that flows into the right subclavian vein
- smaller duct that drains fluid from the right arm, and the right head and neck
right lymphatic duct
-include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
lymphatic organs
- an encapsulated fibrous connective tiusse with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels
- act as a filtering system for ridding lymph of infectious organisms and debris after passing through sinuses (cortical, subcapsular and medullary)
- generally grouped together in regions, such as the axilla and groin
lymph node
- incoming vessels that flow through a network of sinuses containing cells
afferent (coming in) vessels
- where lymph flows out of the lymph node through here
efferent (Exit) vessels
- are open spaces that are divided inside the lymph node
- contain lymphocytes and macrophags
nodules
- located in the upper-left abdomen
- extracts old or defective blood cells and platelets
- removes debris, bacteria, foreign material, toxins and viruses from the blood
- forms lymphocytes and monocytes
- encapsulated in a thin, fibrous connective tissue with an incoming splenic artery and outgoing spleinic vein
spleen
are divided open spaces on the inside of the spleen
lobules
body cells that attack cancerous or pathogens in the body
T-cells (lymphocytes)
- carries drained blood from veins of the spleen, intestines, stomach, and pancrease to the liver
- blood is detoxified in the liver before returning to bloodstream
hepatic portal vein (hepatic portal system)
-blood enters the spleen from the splenic artery >
to the splein vein >
to the hepatic portal vein
Splenic Blood Flow
- small group of lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior area of the throat
- gather and destroy bacteria inhaled or ingested
tonsils (palatine tonsils)
channels in the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils that trap bacteria and foreing matter
crypts
- generalized, rapid response to any threat of the body
- first line of defense, prevents a large amount of pathogens from entering the body through chemical and physical barriers
- skin, ctokines and inflammatory response are all parts of this system
Nonspecific immune system (innate immune systems)
- important aspect of the nonspecific immune system
- difficult to penetrate, tear production and sweat that contain enzymes to limit growth, constant shedding
- allow for normal flora (good bacteria) growth and produces lactic acid to inhibit pathogenic and bacterial growth
skin
- localized response to tissue injury that is an important aspect of the nonspecific immune system
- increases blood flow to infected region
- swelling, reddness and pain to bring awarenss to infection
inflammatory response
dilates blood vessels and increases the number of immune cells in an infected/injured area
swelling
- secreted proteins that help signal and start pathways for both specific and nonspecific immune systems
- contain 2 groups: interferons and interleukins
- produced by a variety of immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, B cells and fibroblasts
cytokines
interfere with viral replication
-help activate natural killer cells
infterferons
-chemical activators that send signals throughout body to increase immune response
contain pyrogens that adjust the bodsy temperature in the thalamus to create a fever
interleukons
- help the body fight infections, interfere with growth and replication of pathogens by increasing the body’s thermostat
- lysosomal breakdown which releases digestive enzymes to lyse infected cells
- promote the activity of white blood cells
fever
- a type of leukocyte (WBC) that doesn’t have granules in the cytoplasm
- contain monocytes and lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
agranulocytes
a type of leukocyte (WBC) that has granules in the cytoplasm
- contain neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- are capable of phagocytosis
granulocytes
- the ingestion of infected and engulfs pathogens to protect the body from illness
- surface receptors recognize and bind to the pathogen to form a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with lysosomes, which secrete digeestive enzymes that kill it and relase remains out of cell
phagocytosis
leukocyte that fights infections, especially bacterial
- use phagoctyosis to destroy pathogens
- have a short lifespan and die quickly after pathgoen is ingested, and exit the body as pus
- have a mult-lobed nucleus, and contain light pink granules in the cyptoplasm
neutrophils
- rarest of the granuolyctes
- release histamine and heparin
- capable of phagocytosis and stained dark purple/blue
- similiar morphology to neutrophils and eosinophils, but stain darker
basophils
- respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
- appear a darker pink/red
- less commonly seen in the blood
- use phagocytosis b/c they have granules
eosinophils
- released by basophils
- vasodilator that incraeases the diameter of blood vessels and capillaries to increase blood flow to infected area
histamine
is a blood anticoagulant released by basophils which helps to prevent the formation of blood clots
heparin
- large white blood cells that have a U-shpaed nuclease
- migrate from bloodstream into the tissue to become macrophages
- greatest of all the phagocytotic ability and live longer
monocytes
- act quickly and take several days to activate
- is targeted and extremely effectivve against pathogens
- T-cells and B-cells are mainly involved
specific immune system (adaptive immune system)
- a certain subtype of interleukins that reset the bodys thermostat in the hypothalamus
- temp. is raised to form a fever to help the body fight infection
pyrogens
- make antibodies, attack foreign cells and destroy body cells that lose normal functioning
- T-cells & B-cells are mainly involved
- the specific immune response depense on its activity
- have a large dark nucleus w/ little cytoplasm
lymphocytes
- originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland
- cell-mediated immunity = work to directly attack the cells
- contain antigen receptors and bind to glycoproteins in cell membranes
T-cells
- derived in bone-marrow and produced there daily
- contain glycoprotein receptors on cell coat
- each receptor binds with a specific antigen and are activated once it binds with the receptor
- antibodies relased by plasma cells bind to invading antigen
- cause anitgens to be inactive and marks for destruction
B-cells
- is any toxic or foreign molecule that can be specifically recognized by the immune system
antigen
activated by B-cells to replicate rapidly
-produce antibodies (immunoglobins)- form of glycoprotein receptor from b-cells surface
plasma cell
are a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor on B-cells coat
- specifically recognizes an antigen, and alerts to find the others
- IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
antibodies (immunoglobins)
- continue to produce a small amount of antibodies even after infection stops
- antibody will immediately bind to same type of pathogen that enters the body again
- can produce antibody faster in second infection
memory B-cells
-used by b-cells which defend the body against pathogens through secretion of antibodies
anti-body mediated immunity (humoral)
- recognizes and destroys invading cells containing antigens
- attack virus-infected or cancer cells
- releases enzymes locally to lyse the infected cell
Killer T-Cells (Cytotoxic)
- originate in the bone marrow
- seek out abnormal body cells to destroy
- most effective for tumor cells
Natural Killer Cells
- very important in specific immune response
- secrete substances that activate and enhance immune responses
- B-cells require an interaction w/ them bfore they can divide
Helper T-cells
- present on every cell to help immune system in distinguishing btw our body cells and pathogenic cells
- cells can use it to “flag” something if theres an abnormal process happening inside cell
- cytotoxic T-cells recognize this MHC map and destroys it
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- rejection of a transplanted organ by a donor
- MHC on surface fo the transplant organ is recognized as foreign
- In order to prevent rejection, patient takes immunosuppresion drugs
graft rejection
- suppress the body’s immune system if body is rejecting organ transplant
- makes the patient more susceptible to disease
immunosuppressant drugs
- systemic: attacks joints throughout the body
- T-cells attack synovial lining inside the joints which protect the lining
- T-cells produce interleukins which cause inflammation inside joint cavities
- wears away cartilage and bone
- tissues and ligaments become weaker andlead to deformities in the fingers and hands
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
antiodies attack/prevent the formation of myelin sheath around nerve cells
- neurons can’t transmit impusles as quickly and can become damaged
- eventually leads to muscular weakness
Multiple Sclerosis (ms)
- excessive immune response to allergen
- severe, life threateining allergic reaction: insect bite, drug, pathogen, food
- antibodies are overproduced by B-cells
- circulates antibodies increases capillary permeability throughout body: Hives, narrowed respiratory pathways, difficult breathing
anaphylaxis
- antibodies are produced against mild antigens called allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, environmental factors
- many people have a genetic predisposition to allergic reactions
- symptoms are unconfortable but mild: red eyes, sneezing, watery nose
allergic reaction
- persons capillaries become extremely dilatd
- severe blood pressure drop
- heart failure, breathing cessation
- death if no intervention
Anaphylaxcic Shock
EpiPen (Epinephrine auto injector)
- injected into thigh when reaction begins
- releases epineprhine in bloodstream to help offset anaphlyactic shock, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure
Anaphylactic Shock Intervention
- a form of edema (excess fluid in tissues) where the lymphatic system isn’t functioning properly to return fluid back into heart
- can occur if lymph vessels are blocked or lymph nodes were removed for testing
- interstitial fluid accumulates in limbs and swells and becomes distended
- can become very serious if left untreated by being vulnerable to infection, or connective tissue and vessels can become permanently stretched
lymphedema
- located on anterior surface of the heart that secretes thymosin and thymopoletin hormones to allow T-Cells to mature and function in lymphatic system
thymus gland
- inflammation of the tonsils
- tonsils become swollen and infected - appearing white
- bacterial or viral infection
tonsilitis
-occurs when antibodies and T-cells attack the bodys own tissues
autoimmune disease
- is where blood enters the spleen from and leaves through the spleinic vein
splenic artery
3 important functions of Lymphatic System?
- return of interstitial fluid to the blood stream
- lipid absorption
- defense against disease
- takes several days to activate
- is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens.
- T-cells and the B-cells are mainly involved
specific immune system (Adaptive system)
Tears and sweat produce an environment on which only good bacteria can grow
normal flora
subtypes of interleukins that reset the bodys thermostat in hypothalamus
pyrogens
locally releases contents such as cytokines or enzymes to kill a pathogen or infected cell
includes direct cellular action by other WBC
- Antigen and infected cell
- Receptor + T-cell attack cell
- Helper T-cell
cell mediated immuity
bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membrane
t-cells contain these
antigen receptors
defends the body against pathtogens through secretion of anitbodies
once bind to pa thatgen, it is unable to cause future damage and marks it for phagocytosis
- Receptor
- Activated B-cell ( plasma cell)
- Antibodies
- Memory B cell
antibody-mediated immunity
