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AP2 > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q
  • take excess fluid and return it to the bloodstream
  • extend throughout the body via one-way valves
  • merge before entering venous circuit at thoracic or right lymphatic duct
A

lymphatic vessels

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2
Q
  • works to help our immunity and defend the body against disease
  • it works closely with the cardiovascular system
A

lymphatic system

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3
Q
  • absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream
  • flow to the subclavian veins to join the venous circulation
  • work with blood capillaires of the cardiovascular system
  • takes up plasma that’s been forced out of the capillaries that hasn’t been absorbed
  • similar to veins, but have thinner walls with a smooth muscle layer and valves that help prevent backflow of lymph
A

lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q

excess fluid entering the lymphatic capilaries

  • contains white blood cells, fats, water, proteins, salts and other dissolved substances
A

lymph

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5
Q
  • located at the left shoulder region that fows into the left subclavian vein
  • drains fluid from the lower extremities, abdomen, left arm and left side of the head and neck
  • aka the left lymphatic duct
A

larger thoracic duct

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6
Q
  • located at the right shoulder region that flows into the right subclavian vein
  • smaller duct that drains fluid from the right arm, and the right head and neck
A

right lymphatic duct

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7
Q

-include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils

A

lymphatic organs

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8
Q
  • an encapsulated fibrous connective tiusse with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels
  • act as a filtering system for ridding lymph of infectious organisms and debris after passing through sinuses (cortical, subcapsular and medullary)
  • generally grouped together in regions, such as the axilla and groin
A

lymph node

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9
Q
  • incoming vessels that flow through a network of sinuses containing cells
A

afferent (coming in) vessels

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10
Q
  • where lymph flows out of the lymph node through here
A

efferent (Exit) vessels

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11
Q
  • are open spaces that are divided inside the lymph node

- contain lymphocytes and macrophags

A

nodules

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12
Q
  • located in the upper-left abdomen
  • extracts old or defective blood cells and platelets
  • removes debris, bacteria, foreign material, toxins and viruses from the blood
  • forms lymphocytes and monocytes
  • encapsulated in a thin, fibrous connective tissue with an incoming splenic artery and outgoing spleinic vein
A

spleen

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13
Q

are divided open spaces on the inside of the spleen

A

lobules

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14
Q

body cells that attack cancerous or pathogens in the body

A

T-cells (lymphocytes)

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15
Q
  • carries drained blood from veins of the spleen, intestines, stomach, and pancrease to the liver
  • blood is detoxified in the liver before returning to bloodstream
A

hepatic portal vein (hepatic portal system)

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16
Q

-blood enters the spleen from the splenic artery >
to the splein vein >
to the hepatic portal vein

A

Splenic Blood Flow

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17
Q
  • small group of lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior area of the throat
  • gather and destroy bacteria inhaled or ingested
A

tonsils (palatine tonsils)

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18
Q

channels in the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils that trap bacteria and foreing matter

A

crypts

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19
Q
  • generalized, rapid response to any threat of the body
  • first line of defense, prevents a large amount of pathogens from entering the body through chemical and physical barriers
  • skin, ctokines and inflammatory response are all parts of this system
A

Nonspecific immune system (innate immune systems)

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20
Q
  • important aspect of the nonspecific immune system
  • difficult to penetrate, tear production and sweat that contain enzymes to limit growth, constant shedding
  • allow for normal flora (good bacteria) growth and produces lactic acid to inhibit pathogenic and bacterial growth
A

skin

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21
Q
  • localized response to tissue injury that is an important aspect of the nonspecific immune system
  • increases blood flow to infected region
  • swelling, reddness and pain to bring awarenss to infection
A

inflammatory response

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22
Q

dilates blood vessels and increases the number of immune cells in an infected/injured area

A

swelling

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23
Q
  • secreted proteins that help signal and start pathways for both specific and nonspecific immune systems
  • contain 2 groups: interferons and interleukins
  • produced by a variety of immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, B cells and fibroblasts
A

cytokines

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24
Q

interfere with viral replication

-help activate natural killer cells

A

infterferons

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25
Q

-chemical activators that send signals throughout body to increase immune response

contain pyrogens that adjust the bodsy temperature in the thalamus to create a fever

A

interleukons

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26
Q
  • help the body fight infections, interfere with growth and replication of pathogens by increasing the body’s thermostat
  • lysosomal breakdown which releases digestive enzymes to lyse infected cells
  • promote the activity of white blood cells
A

fever

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27
Q
  • a type of leukocyte (WBC) that doesn’t have granules in the cytoplasm
  • contain monocytes and lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
A

agranulocytes

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28
Q

a type of leukocyte (WBC) that has granules in the cytoplasm

  • contain neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • are capable of phagocytosis
A

granulocytes

29
Q
  • the ingestion of infected and engulfs pathogens to protect the body from illness
  • surface receptors recognize and bind to the pathogen to form a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with lysosomes, which secrete digeestive enzymes that kill it and relase remains out of cell
A

phagocytosis

30
Q

leukocyte that fights infections, especially bacterial

  • use phagoctyosis to destroy pathogens
  • have a short lifespan and die quickly after pathgoen is ingested, and exit the body as pus
  • have a mult-lobed nucleus, and contain light pink granules in the cyptoplasm
A

neutrophils

31
Q
  • rarest of the granuolyctes
  • release histamine and heparin
  • capable of phagocytosis and stained dark purple/blue
  • similiar morphology to neutrophils and eosinophils, but stain darker
A

basophils

32
Q
  • respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
  • appear a darker pink/red
  • less commonly seen in the blood
  • use phagocytosis b/c they have granules
A

eosinophils

33
Q
  • released by basophils

- vasodilator that incraeases the diameter of blood vessels and capillaries to increase blood flow to infected area

A

histamine

34
Q

is a blood anticoagulant released by basophils which helps to prevent the formation of blood clots

A

heparin

35
Q
  • large white blood cells that have a U-shpaed nuclease
  • migrate from bloodstream into the tissue to become macrophages
  • greatest of all the phagocytotic ability and live longer
A

monocytes

36
Q
  • act quickly and take several days to activate
  • is targeted and extremely effectivve against pathogens
  • T-cells and B-cells are mainly involved
A

specific immune system (adaptive immune system)

37
Q
  • a certain subtype of interleukins that reset the bodys thermostat in the hypothalamus
  • temp. is raised to form a fever to help the body fight infection
A

pyrogens

38
Q
  • make antibodies, attack foreign cells and destroy body cells that lose normal functioning
  • T-cells & B-cells are mainly involved
  • the specific immune response depense on its activity
  • have a large dark nucleus w/ little cytoplasm
A

lymphocytes

39
Q
  • originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland
  • cell-mediated immunity = work to directly attack the cells
  • contain antigen receptors and bind to glycoproteins in cell membranes
A

T-cells

40
Q
  • derived in bone-marrow and produced there daily
  • contain glycoprotein receptors on cell coat
  • each receptor binds with a specific antigen and are activated once it binds with the receptor
  • antibodies relased by plasma cells bind to invading antigen
  • cause anitgens to be inactive and marks for destruction
A

B-cells

41
Q
  • is any toxic or foreign molecule that can be specifically recognized by the immune system
A

antigen

42
Q

activated by B-cells to replicate rapidly

-produce antibodies (immunoglobins)- form of glycoprotein receptor from b-cells surface

A

plasma cell

43
Q

are a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor on B-cells coat

  • specifically recognizes an antigen, and alerts to find the others
  • IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
A

antibodies (immunoglobins)

44
Q
  • continue to produce a small amount of antibodies even after infection stops
  • antibody will immediately bind to same type of pathogen that enters the body again
  • can produce antibody faster in second infection
A

memory B-cells

45
Q

-used by b-cells which defend the body against pathogens through secretion of antibodies

A

anti-body mediated immunity (humoral)

46
Q
  • recognizes and destroys invading cells containing antigens
  • attack virus-infected or cancer cells
  • releases enzymes locally to lyse the infected cell
A

Killer T-Cells (Cytotoxic)

47
Q
  • originate in the bone marrow
  • seek out abnormal body cells to destroy
  • most effective for tumor cells
A

Natural Killer Cells

48
Q
  • very important in specific immune response
  • secrete substances that activate and enhance immune responses
  • B-cells require an interaction w/ them bfore they can divide
A

Helper T-cells

49
Q
  • present on every cell to help immune system in distinguishing btw our body cells and pathogenic cells
  • cells can use it to “flag” something if theres an abnormal process happening inside cell
  • cytotoxic T-cells recognize this MHC map and destroys it
A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

50
Q
  • rejection of a transplanted organ by a donor
  • MHC on surface fo the transplant organ is recognized as foreign
  • In order to prevent rejection, patient takes immunosuppresion drugs
A

graft rejection

51
Q
  • suppress the body’s immune system if body is rejecting organ transplant
  • makes the patient more susceptible to disease
A

immunosuppressant drugs

52
Q
  • systemic: attacks joints throughout the body
  • T-cells attack synovial lining inside the joints which protect the lining
  • T-cells produce interleukins which cause inflammation inside joint cavities
  • wears away cartilage and bone
  • tissues and ligaments become weaker andlead to deformities in the fingers and hands
A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

53
Q

antiodies attack/prevent the formation of myelin sheath around nerve cells

  • neurons can’t transmit impusles as quickly and can become damaged
  • eventually leads to muscular weakness
A

Multiple Sclerosis (ms)

54
Q
  • excessive immune response to allergen
  • severe, life threateining allergic reaction: insect bite, drug, pathogen, food
  • antibodies are overproduced by B-cells
  • circulates antibodies increases capillary permeability throughout body: Hives, narrowed respiratory pathways, difficult breathing
A

anaphylaxis

55
Q
  • antibodies are produced against mild antigens called allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, environmental factors
  • many people have a genetic predisposition to allergic reactions
  • symptoms are unconfortable but mild: red eyes, sneezing, watery nose
A

allergic reaction

56
Q
  • persons capillaries become extremely dilatd
  • severe blood pressure drop
  • heart failure, breathing cessation
  • death if no intervention
A

Anaphylaxcic Shock

57
Q

EpiPen (Epinephrine auto injector)

  • injected into thigh when reaction begins
  • releases epineprhine in bloodstream to help offset anaphlyactic shock, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure
A

Anaphylactic Shock Intervention

58
Q
  • a form of edema (excess fluid in tissues) where the lymphatic system isn’t functioning properly to return fluid back into heart
  • can occur if lymph vessels are blocked or lymph nodes were removed for testing
  • interstitial fluid accumulates in limbs and swells and becomes distended
  • can become very serious if left untreated by being vulnerable to infection, or connective tissue and vessels can become permanently stretched
A

lymphedema

59
Q
  • located on anterior surface of the heart that secretes thymosin and thymopoletin hormones to allow T-Cells to mature and function in lymphatic system
A

thymus gland

60
Q
  • inflammation of the tonsils
  • tonsils become swollen and infected - appearing white
  • bacterial or viral infection
A

tonsilitis

61
Q

-occurs when antibodies and T-cells attack the bodys own tissues

A

autoimmune disease

62
Q
  • is where blood enters the spleen from and leaves through the spleinic vein
A

splenic artery

63
Q

3 important functions of Lymphatic System?

A
  • return of interstitial fluid to the blood stream
  • lipid absorption
  • defense against disease
64
Q
  • takes several days to activate
  • is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens.
  • T-cells and the B-cells are mainly involved
A

specific immune system (Adaptive system)

65
Q

Tears and sweat produce an environment on which only good bacteria can grow

A

normal flora

66
Q

subtypes of interleukins that reset the bodys thermostat in hypothalamus

A

pyrogens

67
Q

locally releases contents such as cytokines or enzymes to kill a pathogen or infected cell

includes direct cellular action by other WBC

  1. Antigen and infected cell
  2. Receptor + T-cell attack cell
  3. Helper T-cell
A

cell mediated immuity

68
Q

bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membrane

t-cells contain these

A

antigen receptors

69
Q

defends the body against pathtogens through secretion of anitbodies

once bind to pa thatgen, it is unable to cause future damage and marks it for phagocytosis

  1. Receptor
  2. Activated B-cell ( plasma cell)
  3. Antibodies
  4. Memory B cell
A

antibody-mediated immunity

AP2 (9 decks)

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