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AP2 > Nervous System Part 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

focuses on the strucutre of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

how the body parts function together

A

physiology

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3
Q

Receives information, processes information, and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response

integrates and controls other systems of the body

A

The nervous system

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4
Q

responsbile for commuincation btw cells by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly

A

nervous tissue

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5
Q

one of the two main dvisions that includes the brain and spinal cord, which lie in the midline of the body

sends signals/impulses to receive impulses from the PNS

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

protects the brain

A

skull

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7
Q

protects the spinal cord

A

vertebrae

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8
Q

collections of cell bodies inside the CNS

A

nuclei

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9
Q

collection of nerve axons in CNS

A

tracts

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10
Q

includes all nerves not in the brain nor spinal cord

includes cranial and spinal nerves

can be divided into sensory/afferent division and motor/efferent division

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

region that includes the mdbrain, pons, and medulla

A

brainstem

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12
Q
  • project from the brainstem

- innervate the face, head, and neck

A

cranial nerves

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13
Q
  • poroject from the sides of the spinal cord

- spread out to innervate the rest of the body, trunk and extremities

A

spinal nerves

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14
Q

collections of cell bodies in the PNS that are grouped together in masses

part of a single nerve

A

ganglia

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15
Q

collection of nerve axons in the PNS

A

nerves

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16
Q

receives impulses from sensory organs via the afferent division

relays signals/impulses from CNS to muscles and glands via the motor/efferent division

A

PNS

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17
Q

relays impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

A

efferent/motor division

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18
Q

-nerves are generally under conscious/voluntary control

controls movement of the skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

A

somatic nervous system

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19
Q

under unconscous/involuntary control

controls glands and smooth muscles of internal organs

can be divided into 2 systems: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

activates and prepares body for emergencies, stress and vigorous muscular activity

A

sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

operates during normal situations, permits digestion and conserves energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses and relay info throughout the body

contain dendrites, cell body and axons

they do not undergo mitosis (Cell division)

can survive a persons entire lifetime; any damage to one cannot be replaced

can survive just minutes w/o O2

A

neurons

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23
Q

synthesizes all nerve cell products

has a large nucleus w/ surrounding ctyoplasm containing organelles; but no centrioles

one of the main functions is to make neurotransmitters

A

neuron cell body

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24
Q

receiving end of a neuron

numerous short extensions that emanate from cell body that receive info from other neurons and conduct nerve impulses toward cell body

A

dendrites

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25
Q

conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to axon terminals

can vary in length being short to up to 3 ft long

made of cell components like cell body but lack rough ER

depends upon cell body to send proteins needed down it

can regrow in PNS under certain circumstances

A

axon

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26
Q

chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles at teh end of axon terminals

emmited across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron

sent from a presynaptic neuron through synapse to postsynaptic neuron

A

neurostransmitters

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27
Q

secretory vesicles where neurotransmitters are stored inside a neuron cell body

A

axon terminal vesicles

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28
Q

is a gap btw 2 neurons witoout physically touching one another

A

synapse

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29
Q

neuron before the snyapse

sending neuron

A

presynaptic neuron

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30
Q

is a neuron found after synapse

receiving neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

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31
Q

have 3 or more extensions from the cell body, one axon and many dendrites

can be called motor neurons

A

multipolar neuron

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32
Q

have a central cell body w/ 2 extensions

found within the body as special receptor cells in visual and olfactory systems

A

bipolar neuron

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33
Q

have 1 extension off cell body that branches into 2: 1 central process running into the CNS and another peripheral process running into sensory receptor

A

unipolar neurons (pseudounipolar)

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34
Q

are unipolar and function to carry info from PNS to CNS

most cary impulses from the skin or internal organs to CNS

A

sensory (Afferent) neurons

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35
Q

found only in CNS

typically multipolar neurons that transmit impulses within different parts of the CNS

A

Interneurons

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36
Q

are multipolar neurons that send messages from CNS to PNS

A

Motor neurons

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37
Q

consists of hundreds of thousands of axons wrapped in a connective tissue

A

a nerve

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38
Q

highly important for neuron function

are support cells for neurons to enable them to thrive in needed environment

cells include ependymal, oligodendrytes, astrocytes and microglial cells

A

neuroglial cells

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39
Q

short sections in which the peripheral nerve axon is coated

special type of neuroglial cell found in PNS that are composed of myelin sheaths

loosely associated with axon; not continuously

A

Schwann cells

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40
Q

white fatty layers that are rolled around the axon to insulate nerve fibers and increase the speed of nerve impulses

A

myelin sheath

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41
Q

are gaps btw Schwann cells where nerve impulses are forced to jump from one to the next

A

nodes of Ranvier

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42
Q

when a nerve impulse is forced to jump to the next node, greatly increasing the nerve impulse transmission along the axon

A

saltatory conduction

43
Q

surround cell bodies of peripheral neurons that help to regulate cell body environment

A

satelite cells

44
Q

process of peripheral nerves regenerating the axon length

A

axonal regeneration

45
Q

circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange btw brain, spinal cord and CSF

A

ependymal cells

46
Q

is a clear fluid that only circulates the brain and spinal cord

A

CSF

47
Q

act as insulation for CNS axons

A

oligodendrocytes

48
Q

control chemical enviroment of neurons by wrapping around blood capillaries by blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

49
Q

physical barrier that allows passages of only certain substances into CNS by astrocytes

A

blood brain barrier

50
Q

protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms

A

microglial cells

51
Q

neurons are specialied to conuduct electrical impulses called what?

is the change in polarity when an axon is stimulated to conduct a nerve impulse

due to special protein-lined channels in the membrande that can open to allow either sodium or postassium ions to pass through

these are self-propagating b.c ion channels are prompted to open when membrane potential depolarizes (decreases)

A

action potentials

52
Q

when an axon’s plasma membrane is at rest, meaning that one side has a different charge than the other

A

polarized

53
Q

when the axon is not conducting an impulse, the difference in electrical charge is called?

this is equal to about -70mV

the charge is negative b/c the charge on the inside of the axon’s cell is less than the outside membrane

both sodium and potasssium gates are closed

A

resting potential

54
Q

maintains resting potential and uses active transport to carry ions across the plasma membrane

it works by using an integral carrier protein that, for every three sodium (Na+) ions pumped out, two potassium (K+) ions are pumped in

must keep in constant operation because the Na+ and K+ ions will naturally diffuse back to where they originated

a positive charge is maintain outside b/c because more Na+ ions are being pumped outward than K+ pumped inward due to permeable membrane

A

sodium-potassium pump

55
Q

second phase of an action potential

sodium gates open and sodium rushes into axon

voltage travels to 0 and increases up to +40mV

A

depolariation

56
Q

when the potential returns to normal after being depolarized, indicating that the inside of the axon is negative again

Sodium gates close and potassium gates open to allow potassium out of axon

returns a negative voltage inside of axon

A

repolarization

57
Q

special protein-lined channels that can open to allow either sodium or potassium ions to pass through

are voltage activated as proteins respond to changes in voltage w/ changes in shape

A

sodium and potassium gates

58
Q

phase 4 of action potential

potassim gates are slow to close and there is an undershoot of potential

voltage drops below -70mv and then returns back to -70mV as resting state

A

afterpolarization, aka hyperpolarization

59
Q

an action potential is either occuring or not

intensity of a sensation (minor or major pain) is distinguished by the number of neurons stimulated and the frequency with which the neurons are stimulated

A

all-or-nothing principle

60
Q

the transmission of nerve impulses is?

neurotransmitters (Chemicals) allow the signal o jump synaptic gap, which moves from electrical (through the neuron) to chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again once the signal reaches the next neuron

A

electrochemical

61
Q

when a nerve impusle reaches the end of an axon, voltage gated…

A

calcium channels open to allow calcium to rush in and cause the vesicles w/ neurontransmitters to fuse w/ plasma and release neurotransmitters in synapse

62
Q

is an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

contained by synpases

A

acetylcholinesterase (cholinesterase)

63
Q

prevention of continuous stimulation of neurotransmitters

A

inhibition

64
Q

neurotransmitters made by adrenal glands

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

65
Q

is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junction in PNS

this is released into the synapse when the nerve impulse reaches the muscle fiber at NMJ

binds to receptors on muscle fiber to cause sodium channels to open

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

is a special type of snyapse formed btw a motor neuron and muscle tissue

nervous system interacts with musuclar system here to allow muscular contraction

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

67
Q

is a specialized type of smooth ER found in striated muscle tissue

sodium rushes out of channels from a muscle cell that triggers an action potential, which reaches here

-calcium ions released here causes the muscle to contract

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

instantaneous, automatic and involuntary motor responses in a nervous system

come in a variety that start from stimuli occuring inside or outside the body

some involve the brainstem (eyeblinking)

A

reflexes

69
Q

subconscious examples of a reflex

A

regulation of blood sugary bu hormones

70
Q

conscious examples of a reflex

A

shivering in response to low temp; withdrawing hand from a hot object

71
Q

reflexes that involve the spinal nerves and spinal cord without waiting for processing by brain

refers to the neural pathway that a nerve impulse travels

i.e. flexor-withdrawal reflex

helps an organism avoid injury by providing an immediate withdrawl from dangerous stimuli

A

reflex arc

72
Q

where sensory info travels into the spinal cord from

contains the axons of sensory neurons

A

dorsal root

73
Q

motor info ravels out of spinal cord via here

motor neurons (Axons) leave spinal cord here

A

ventral root

74
Q

contains the cell neuron bodies (interneurons) in the spinal cord

A

gray matter

75
Q

contains the axons of neurons in the spinal cord

surrounds the gray matter of spinal cord

A

white matter

76
Q

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

dorsal root ganglion

77
Q

where sensory neurons synapse on cells, located on spinal cord in gray matter

A

posterior horn

78
Q

motor neuron cell bodies are located in here of the gray matter

A

anterior horn

79
Q

contains both sensory and motor neurons from the ventral and dorsal roots

A

spinal nerve

80
Q

occur faster than conscious descion to move b/c electrical signal doesn’t have to travel to the brain and back

only travel to the spinal cord and back (which is much shorter)

i.e. flexor reflex and stretch reflex

A

spinal reflexes

81
Q

what are the reflex arch pathways?

A
  1. The receptor at the end of a sensory neuron reacts to a stimulus.
  2. The sensory (afferent) neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway towards the central nervous system (CNS).
  3. The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS.
  4. A motor (efferent) neuron conducts a nerve impulse along efferent pathway from the integration center to an effector.
  5. Effector responds to the efferent impulses by contracting (a muscle) or secreting a product (a gland).
82
Q

are a special type of muscle reflex that protects the muscle agains increases in length that can tear/damage muscle fibers

A

stretch reflexes

83
Q

specialized uscle cells that are monitory the amount of stretch in a muscle

if a muscle becomes overstretched, it triggers a reflex to occur, which contracts muscle bak to correct length

A

muscle spindles

84
Q

also called the knee jerk reflex used in doctors’ offices to test stretch of quadriceps femoris muscle in thigh

is an example of a stretch reflex

purpose is to prevent overstetching of quads

A

patellar reflex

85
Q

attaches quads to tibia bone of lower leg

A

patellar tendon

86
Q

a more complex neural pathway in which pain receptors in skin generate nerve impulses along dedrites twoard cell body of CNS in response to hot objects

impulses travel along axon of sensory nerve and synapse on internuerons in gray matter of spinal cord

excitatory interneurons send excitatory signals signals to motor neurons to cause muscular contractions

Inhibitory interneurons send inhibitory signals that prevent muscular contraction

occurs almost instanteaneosulsy b/c sensory neuron stiulates interneurons involved in relfex process before reaching the brain

A

flexor withdrawal reflex

87
Q

The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

A

Sensory afferent neurons

88
Q

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

A

motor efferent neurons

89
Q

This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.

A

parasympathetic

90
Q

A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:

A

-PNS & Somatic system

91
Q

Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.

A

The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.

92
Q

An afferent neuron carries information from:

A

from the PNS to CNS

93
Q

Axons in which system are only capable of regeneration ?

A

Peripheral nervous system

94
Q

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

A

Polarized (around -70mV)

95
Q
  • Maintains the resting phase of an axon
  • must remain in constant operation to maintain resting state
  • for every 3 sodium ions pumped out, 2 k+ are pumped in
  • the effect of the pump is negative inside membrane, but positive outside membrane
A

sodium-potassium pump

96
Q

What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?

A

The short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter.

97
Q

What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

acetylcholine

98
Q

True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.

A

False

99
Q

n a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway to create a response.

A

motor (Efferent)

100
Q

This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses.

A

integration center

101
Q

You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex that occurs.

A

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

  • Pain receptor in skin
  • Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
  • Interneurons in spinal cord:
  • (1) Excitatory to biceps
  • (2) Inhibitory to triceps
  • Motor neurons: Contract biceps, inhibit triceps
  • Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away from flame.
102
Q

Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine.

Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur.

A

The nervous system interacts with the muscular system at NMJ.

Acetylcholine must be released from the presynaptic motor neuron into the synapse to bind onto the muscle fiber, causing a muscle contraction.

Withoutrelease of ACh, there won’t be interaction btw the nervous system and the muscular system - thus no muscle contraction.

103
Q

is a special type of synapse formed between a motor neuron and muscle tissue.

A

NMJ

AP2 (9 decks)

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