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AP2 > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are microorganisms that are not living, nor prokaryotic or eukaryotic

do not replicate solely, and must need a host in order to replicate

have no metabolism and are dormant (don’t take energy or nutrients)

contain a capsid (a membrane like structure that contains genetic material) but aren’t cellular

A

viruses

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2
Q

how can microbes be beneficial?

A

aid in food digestion, protecting us from harmful invaders, helping crops grow

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3
Q

these are biological processess at the microscopic level; too small to be seen

A

microbes

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4
Q

what is the study of microbes called?

A

microbiology

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5
Q

a microbe capable of causing disease

A

pathogen

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6
Q

all living organissms contain these 4 macromolecules?

A

nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and sugar

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7
Q

constitute a large cohort of prokaryotic microorganisms; common in every day human life; have a variety of shapes

A

bacteria or Eubacteria (true bacteria)

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8
Q

prokaryotic microraganisms that can survive extremely harsh conditions (high temps, oxygen-poor conditions, acid conditions, high salt levels)

also known as extremophiles based on which extreme environments they are found in

share similiar characteristics as Eubacteria, but contain different genetic composition

A

Archaea

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9
Q

a diverse category that consists of a wide range of microorganisms

have a membrane-bound nuclear region within cells that makes it unique

microorganisms can be classified as plantae, animalia, fungi or protista

A

Eukarya ( true kernel “nucleus”)

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10
Q

consists of multiccellular eukaryotic organisms that include animals and humans;

heterotrophic and have motility

A

animalia

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11
Q

incapable of producing their own energy

A

heterotrophic

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12
Q

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that can obtain energy from sunlight via photosynthesis

A

plantae

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13
Q

mulitcellular or unicellular microorganisms that are heterotrophic that contain chitin (a derivative in glucose)

i.e. mushrooms, yeast, mold

A

fungi

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14
Q

are unicellular microorganisms that form as colonies (dont form tissue layers)

classified as any microorganisms that doesn’t fit the criteria for being an animal, plant or fungi

i.e. algae, amoeba

A

protista

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15
Q

all cells share a central dogma that is…

A

genetic info (DNA) that’s transcribed into RNA > proteins

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16
Q

unicellular, highly diversified group of cells with feaures that cause virulence (pathologie)

cell wall is semi rigid peptidogylcan layer that gives it shape, attachment for flagella and prevents rupture

A

prokayrotic cells (before kernel (nucleus))

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17
Q

gel-like sugar protein coating that can protect against human attack

A

glycocalyx

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18
Q

circular DNA molecules that are distinct from a cells chromosome

A

plasmids

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19
Q

is the combo of the cell membrane and outer membrane (cell wall)

A

cell envelope

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20
Q

is also known as the plamsma or cytoplasmic membrane that has a semi-impermeable barrier

surrounds the cells cytoplasm and allows certain substances to pass inside, yet, acts as a barrier to outside environment

Has a bilayer made of amphipathic phospholipids that contain a polar hydrophilic head group and a non-polar hydrophobic tail.

has a high degree of fluidity that allows it to move freely within two layers that depends on the lipids present, environmental temperuature and prescenc of additional molecules

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

defining organelle of all eukaryotic cells defined by a orous double lipid layer that has genomic content of cell DNA

command center of the cell

A

nucleus

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22
Q

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specifc functions

all exclusive to eukaryotic cells except ribosomes

A

organelles

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23
Q

consistitudes open volume within a cell that is made mostly of water and dissolved substances that help the cell to function

organelles are enclosed in here

A

cytoplasm

24
Q

are organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.

A

ribosomes

25
Q

a series of membrane-enclosed sacs and interconnected tubes (lumen) that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

made of smooth ER and rough ER which gets its appearnace from the studded surface

A

endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

is a series of flattened sacs (“cristae”) that interconnect between the nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane

it serves as the distribution center for cells

where the proteins undergo changes before distrubuted

produce certaiin macromolecules

A

golgi complex

27
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles that have hydrolytic enzymes that degrade unwanted cell depris (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides)

serve as the waste disposal of the cell

A

lysosomes

28
Q

is a double membrane enclosed organelle is the power house of the cell that is responsible for making ATP energy

it has tightly packed folded membranes called cristae to increase its surface area for chemical reactions

the mumber of these organelles differe btw cells (0 in RBC to 2000 in liver cells)

A

mitochondria

29
Q

is the site of robosome synthesis which is found in the center of the nucleus

A

nucleolus

30
Q

are double membrane enclosed organelles specific to algae and plants that contain the photosynthetic pgiment called chlorophyll

site of where plants undergo photosynthesis to convert sunlight to usable energy such as ATP and NADPH

A

chloroplasts

31
Q

a large molecule made by covalently linking monomers

A

polymer

32
Q

small subunit that can be covalently linked to similar subunits to build a larger molecule

A

monomers

33
Q

organic monomers with a carboxy group (-COOH) and amino (NH2)

A

amino acids

34
Q

the smallest most basic biological unit of life

A

a cell

35
Q

complex molecules that are made of smaller subunits/building blocks that are smal pieces that form one large complex structure

A

macromolecules

36
Q

polymers of amino acids that have a variety of functions in a cell

  • facilitate movment of materials in and out of a cell (filaments)
  • act as enzymes that catalyze or speed up biochemical processes
  • may play a structural role
  • are diversifed by the varying combinations of amino acids
A

proteins

37
Q

-has its own unique sequence of amino acids

A

primary strucutre of a protein

38
Q

largest protein that is made up of 33,000 amino acids

A

titin

39
Q

of the 20, 9 are considered this, as the body cannot produce them but they must be ingested from other sources

A

essential amino acids

40
Q

chemical molecules that carry genetic info within a cell

contain 2 major types: DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

41
Q

contains a vast amount of hereditary info made from nucleotides

contains deoxyribose sugar

responsible for inheritable characteristics of living organisms

sugar and phosphate portions form doublehelix held together by hydrgoen bonding

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

42
Q

responsible for desciphering hereditary info in DNA and syntheiszing proteins

made of nucleotides that contains sugar ribose

single-stranded

contains uracil which pairs with adenine, not thymine

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

43
Q

contains a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

A

nucleotide

44
Q

four kinds of nitrogenous bases that can occur in DNA nucleotides

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

AT, CG

45
Q

composed mianly of hydrophobic hydrocarbons

function in forming foundation of plasma membrane

serves as cell barrier that seprates in and outside cells from environment

restircts movement of materials (Water, nutrients, etc.), allowing a cell to keep what it needs (influx) and prevents escape (out flux) of essential nutrients

A

lipids

46
Q

two layers of lipids stacked on top of each other, hydrophobic tail regions pointing inward

A

bilipid

47
Q

means “watered carbon”, molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O)n

classified into 3 groups based on # of monomers of sugar present

A

carbohydrate

48
Q

contains 1 single sugar unit

i.e. glucose, fructose, galactose

can exist as either linear or ring structures for molelikes such as DNA, RNA, and storage molecules

A

monosaccharide

49
Q

contains 2 monosaccharides joined togeter

i. e. sucrose (C12H22O11) is glucose and fructose molecules together
ie. maltose and lactose

can be broken into monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions

A

disaccharide

50
Q

contains 3 or more monosaccharides linked together

made of glucose molecules important for cellular energy

i.e. starch in plants; glycogen in animals

play a role in cellular strucutre

cellulose in plants and sugar chitin in fungal cell walls

A

polysaccharide

51
Q

primary structural component of fungal cell walls

A

chitin

52
Q

structural cell walls in plants are called this

A

polysaccharide cellulose

53
Q

bacterial cell walls are made of polysaccharide modified by amino acids that result in this

A

peptidoglycan molecule

54
Q

varied chemical group that gives rise to each amino acid its characteristics

guide the structure, function and location of a protein

A

R group (Side chain)

55
Q

a eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell –> both survived and reproduced

A

endosymbiotic theory

AP2 (9 decks)

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