Microbiology Exam 1

Question 1

what are microorganisms that are not living, nor prokaryotic or eukaryotic

do not replicate solely, and must need a host in order to replicate

have no metabolism and are dormant (don’t take energy or nutrients)

contain a capsid (a membrane like structure that contains genetic material) but aren’t cellular

Answer 1

viruses

Question 2

how can microbes be beneficial?

Answer 2

aid in food digestion, protecting us from harmful invaders, helping crops grow

Question 3

these are biological processess at the microscopic level; too small to be seen

Answer 3

microbes

Question 4

what is the study of microbes called?

Answer 4

microbiology

Question 5

a microbe capable of causing disease

Answer 5

pathogen

Question 6

all living organissms contain these 4 macromolecules?

Answer 6

nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and sugar

Question 7

constitute a large cohort of prokaryotic microorganisms; common in every day human life; have a variety of shapes

Answer 7

bacteria or Eubacteria (true bacteria)

Question 8

prokaryotic microraganisms that can survive extremely harsh conditions (high temps, oxygen-poor conditions, acid conditions, high salt levels)

also known as extremophiles based on which extreme environments they are found in

share similiar characteristics as Eubacteria, but contain different genetic composition

Answer 8

Archaea

Question 9

a diverse category that consists of a wide range of microorganisms

have a membrane-bound nuclear region within cells that makes it unique

microorganisms can be classified as plantae, animalia, fungi or protista

Answer 9

Eukarya ( true kernel “nucleus”)

Question 10

consists of multiccellular eukaryotic organisms that include animals and humans;

heterotrophic and have motility

Answer 10

animalia

Question 11

incapable of producing their own energy

Answer 11

heterotrophic

Question 12

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that can obtain energy from sunlight via photosynthesis

Answer 12

plantae

Question 13

mulitcellular or unicellular microorganisms that are heterotrophic that contain chitin (a derivative in glucose)

i.e. mushrooms, yeast, mold

Answer 13

fungi

Question 14

are unicellular microorganisms that form as colonies (dont form tissue layers)

classified as any microorganisms that doesn’t fit the criteria for being an animal, plant or fungi

i.e. algae, amoeba

Answer 14

protista

Question 15

all cells share a central dogma that is…

Answer 15

genetic info (DNA) that’s transcribed into RNA > proteins

Question 16

unicellular, highly diversified group of cells with feaures that cause virulence (pathologie)

cell wall is semi rigid peptidogylcan layer that gives it shape, attachment for flagella and prevents rupture

Answer 16

prokayrotic cells (before kernel (nucleus))

Question 17

gel-like sugar protein coating that can protect against human attack

Answer 17

glycocalyx

Question 18

circular DNA molecules that are distinct from a cells chromosome

Answer 18

plasmids

Question 19

is the combo of the cell membrane and outer membrane (cell wall)

Answer 19

cell envelope

Question 20

is also known as the plamsma or cytoplasmic membrane that has a semi-impermeable barrier

surrounds the cells cytoplasm and allows certain substances to pass inside, yet, acts as a barrier to outside environment

Has a bilayer made of amphipathic phospholipids that contain a polar hydrophilic head group and a non-polar hydrophobic tail.

has a high degree of fluidity that allows it to move freely within two layers that depends on the lipids present, environmental temperuature and prescenc of additional molecules

Answer 20

cell membrane

Question 21

defining organelle of all eukaryotic cells defined by a orous double lipid layer that has genomic content of cell DNA

command center of the cell

Answer 21

nucleus

Question 22

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specifc functions

all exclusive to eukaryotic cells except ribosomes

Answer 22

organelles

Question 23

consistitudes open volume within a cell that is made mostly of water and dissolved substances that help the cell to function

organelles are enclosed in here

Answer 23

cytoplasm

Question 24

are organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 24

ribosomes

Question 25

a series of membrane-enclosed sacs and interconnected tubes (lumen) that is continuous with the nuclear membrane made of smooth ER and rough ER which gets its appearnace from the studded surface

Answer 25

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

is a series of flattened sacs ("cristae") that interconnect between the nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane it serves as the distribution center for cells where the proteins undergo changes before distrubuted produce certaiin macromolecules

Answer 26

golgi complex

Question 27

membrane-enclosed organelles that have hydrolytic enzymes that degrade unwanted cell depris (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides) serve as the waste disposal of the cell

Answer 27

lysosomes

Question 28

is a double membrane enclosed organelle is the power house of the cell that is responsible for making ATP energy it has tightly packed folded membranes called cristae to increase its surface area for chemical reactions the mumber of these organelles differe btw cells (0 in RBC to 2000 in liver cells)

Answer 28

mitochondria

Question 29

is the site of robosome synthesis which is found in the center of the nucleus

Answer 29

nucleolus

Question 30

are double membrane enclosed organelles specific to algae and plants that contain the photosynthetic pgiment called chlorophyll site of where plants undergo photosynthesis to convert sunlight to usable energy such as ATP and NADPH

Answer 30

chloroplasts

Question 31

a large molecule made by covalently linking monomers

Answer 31

polymer

Question 32

small subunit that can be covalently linked to similar subunits to build a larger molecule

Answer 32

monomers

Question 33

organic monomers with a carboxy group (-COOH) and amino (NH2)

Answer 33

amino acids

Question 34

the smallest most basic biological unit of life

Answer 34

a cell

Question 35

complex molecules that are made of smaller subunits/building blocks that are smal pieces that form one large complex structure

Answer 35

macromolecules

Question 36

polymers of amino acids that have a variety of functions in a cell - facilitate movment of materials in and out of a cell (filaments) - act as enzymes that catalyze or speed up biochemical processes - may play a structural role - are diversifed by the varying combinations of amino acids

Answer 36

proteins

Question 37

-has its own unique sequence of amino acids

Answer 37

primary strucutre of a protein

Question 38

largest protein that is made up of 33,000 amino acids

Answer 38

titin

Question 39

of the 20, 9 are considered this, as the body cannot produce them but they must be ingested from other sources

Answer 39

essential amino acids

Question 40

chemical molecules that carry genetic info within a cell contain 2 major types: DNA and RNA

Answer 40

nucleic acids

Question 41

contains a vast amount of hereditary info made from nucleotides contains deoxyribose sugar responsible for inheritable characteristics of living organisms sugar and phosphate portions form doublehelix held together by hydrgoen bonding

Answer 41

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 42

responsible for desciphering hereditary info in DNA and syntheiszing proteins made of nucleotides that contains sugar ribose single-stranded contains uracil which pairs with adenine, not thymine

Answer 42

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 43

contains a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

Answer 43

nucleotide

Question 44

four kinds of nitrogenous bases that can occur in DNA nucleotides

Answer 44

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine AT, CG

Question 45

composed mianly of hydrophobic hydrocarbons function in forming foundation of plasma membrane serves as cell barrier that seprates in and outside cells from environment restircts movement of materials (Water, nutrients, etc.), allowing a cell to keep what it needs (influx) and prevents escape (out flux) of essential nutrients

Answer 45

lipids

Question 46

two layers of lipids stacked on top of each other, hydrophobic tail regions pointing inward

Answer 46

bilipid

Question 47

means "watered carbon", molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O)n classified into 3 groups based on # of monomers of sugar present

Answer 47

carbohydrate

Question 48

contains 1 single sugar unit i.e. glucose, fructose, galactose can exist as either linear or ring structures for molelikes such as DNA, RNA, and storage molecules

Answer 48

monosaccharide

Question 49

contains 2 monosaccharides joined togeter i. e. sucrose (C12H22O11) is glucose and fructose molecules together ie. maltose and lactose can be broken into monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions

Answer 49

disaccharide

Question 50

contains 3 or more monosaccharides linked together made of glucose molecules important for cellular energy i.e. starch in plants; glycogen in animals play a role in cellular strucutre cellulose in plants and sugar chitin in fungal cell walls

Answer 50

polysaccharide

Question 51

primary structural component of fungal cell walls

Answer 51

chitin

Question 52

structural cell walls in plants are called this

Answer 52

polysaccharide cellulose

Question 53

bacterial cell walls are made of polysaccharide modified by amino acids that result in this

Answer 53

peptidoglycan molecule

Question 54

varied chemical group that gives rise to each amino acid its characteristics guide the structure, function and location of a protein

Answer 54

R group (Side chain)

Question 55

a eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell --> both survived and reproduced

Answer 55

endosymbiotic theory