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Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

MIH ( AMH)

A

Mullerian-inhibniting hormone (MIH)

also called

anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

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2
Q

X → DHT

a rxn catalyzed by 5a-reductase

A

X is T (testosterone)

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3
Q

DHEA

(de. hydro.epi.andro.sterone)

A

de. hydro.epi.andro.sterone
- Formed as a product of the 2nd rxn of sex steroid synthesis.

Note: It functions as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids both in the gonads and in various other tissues.

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4
Q

SRY

A

Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome

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5
Q

List male androgens:

A

Testosterone (T)

    • androstenedione (precursor of extraglandular estrogen in men)
    • DHEA
    • DHT
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6
Q

genital swelling (- )DHT/f

A

labia majora

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7
Q

which one of the following can not be detected during 6-7 wks gestation period:

A- germ cells

B- seminiferous tubules

C- leydig cells

D- sertoli cells

A

C- leydig cells appear later- 8-9 weeks

Choice A might have been difficult to eliminate. Indirectly, it’s been given that during 6-7 weeks sertoli cells enclose germ cells.

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8
Q

Normal levels of testosterone (T), Estrogen (E) and estradiol 17B depends on:

A

age

gender

health status

time of the day

women: phase of menstrual cycle

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9
Q

Other hormones in the same family as LH/FSH

A

TSH and hCG

•FSH, LH, TSH, hCG are all are glycoproteins with à and ß subunits

  • à chains of TSH, hCG. LH and FSH are the same
  • ß chain confers specificity
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10
Q

external genitalia-f

A

clitoris

labia mjora

labia minora

lower vagina

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11
Q

Morris Syndrome

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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12
Q

Female differentiation at 9 weeks:

Enumerate the events

A
  1. Activation: XX activation (both)
  2. Mitosis: Germ cells → oogonia
  3. Meiosis: oogonia
  4. Support: cells surrounded by granulosa cells and stroma
  5. Theca cell development from stroma
  6. Meiosis arrest in late prophase
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13
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Mode of inheretance

Genotype and phenotype

A

X-Linked recessive due to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissue.male genotype but appears as female phenotype

Genotype: XY

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14
Q

What happens to Wolffian ducts in the absence of Testosterone?

A
  1. Wolffian duct regression
  2. Mullerian duct development ( into fallopian tubes, uterus cervix and upper 1/3 of vagina).
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15
Q

92AA long GnRH

A

preprohormone

preprohormone → prohormone → decapeptide-GnRH + GAP

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16
Q

precursors of theca and leydig cells

A

mesenchymal stromal cells

One of 2 cell types that is indifferent in both m and f; and is present in the 1st 5 week in-utero gonals.

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17
Q

Identify compounds A and B (sex steroid synthesis)

A → 17à-hydroxypregnenolone → B

A

A- pregnenolone

B- DHEA

♦ 2nd and 3rd reactions of the synthesis of sex steroids, which takes place in SER. They are also common for both m and f.

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18
Q

testes develop from —— via action of SRY region of Y chromosome.

A

primitive gonads

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19
Q

time period at which the external genitalia of both genders begin to differentiate

A

~9-10 wks

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20
Q

sex steroid metabolism is similar to ……….

A

similar to corticosteroids and mineral corticoids metabolism

  1. metabolized mainly in liver
  2. excreted in urine
  3. with halg life of ~30-60 min
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21
Q

Sex Steroid circulation (sex steroids and progestrone)

A

Sex steroids are bound to SSBG or albumin.

Sex steroids: testostrone and estrogen

Progestrone circulate bound to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG).

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22
Q

MIH (AMH) is produced by

A

sertoli cells

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23
Q

genital tubercle (-) DHT/f

A

clitoris

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24
Q

the common tissue of labia majora and scrotum

A

genital swelling

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25
Total # of Cs for male sex steroids:
19
26
Specific events of male gonadal differentiation: * 6-7 weeks * 8-9 weeks
In males at 6-7 wks * Semineferous tubules form * sertoli cells enclose germ cells 8-9 wks * Leydig cells appear
27
The time periods at which testes are distinguishable and functional
1. Distinguishable in 7 weeks 2. Fully functional in 14-15 wks( additional 7-9 weeks).
28
Testosterone paracrine action on Wolffian ducts
Development of:epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts.
29
During female gonadal differentiation (~9wks) some of these cells undergo meiosis:
oogonia
30
The source function of testostrone during development of male internal genitalia
Testosterone (produced by leydig cells) act in paracrine manner to stimulate development of wolffian ducts into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct.
31
The common tissue of clitoris and glans penis:
genital tubercle
32
Regardless of the genetic make up, prior to 6 weeks gestation, the fetus has indifferent gonads that have formed from -----
the genital ridges Note: at 6 wks gestation, migratory germ cells invade the genital ridges.
33
From ---- cell, theca cells develop. Hint- 9wks, female gonadal differentiation
stroma
34
GnRH binds the plasma membrane of ------- in pituitary and stimulates the release of both FSH and LH.
gonadotroph
35
5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone to this compound
DHT
36
The common target tissues of DHT in both m/f:
Genital tubercle Genital swelling Urethral fold Urogenital sinus
37
Precursor of *extraglandular* estrogens in men
Andro.sten.edione (made from DHEA) Note 1 : both ovaries and testies produce estrogen and androgen. Androgens produced from **adrenal cortex** in both sexes gets convrted to estrogen in *adipose* and other *extragonadal external adrenal tissues.* Note 2: Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as **A5 or Δ5-diol**), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,**17β-diol**
38
The time frame whithin which the androgenic hormones take effect in women
After menopause androgenic hormones are produced by adrenals
39
The period by which the leydig cells appear during m. gonadal differentiation
By 8-9 week
40
A period of gonadal differentiation, in which (both m/f) in-utero gonals are indifferentiated
1st 5 week- indifferent gonals
41
genital tubercle (+) DHT (m)
glans penis
42
T is produced by
leydig cells of testes
43
precursor of sertoli cells (cell type found in the first 5 week)
coelomic epithelial
44
True hermaphrodites
true hermaphrodites are individual with both male and female gonads.
45
urogenital sinus + DHT (m)
prostate gland
46
69AA GnRH
prohormone **prepro**hormone (92aa) → **pro**hormone (69aa) → decapeptide-GnRH (10aa) + GAP (GnRH associated peptide)
47
genetic state: XY, normal 1. Gonads 2. Mullerian ducts 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. testes 2. regressed MD 3. developed WD 4. Male
48
Meta female
Dysgenic ovary MD-developed WD- regressed external genitalia: female
49
The common linage for the genitalia differentiation is based on the presence of --------- .
dihydrotestosterone DHT
50
The common tissue of lower vagina and prostate gland
urogenital sinus
51
DHT
dihydrotestosterone The common linage for the genetical differentiation is based on the absence of DHT. T → DHT (enzyme: *5a reductase*)
52
male determinant chromosome
Y
53
estrogens are produced in
ovaries and testes ## Footnote ovaries: large amt (small amt of T) Testies: Small amt ( L. amt T)
54
Hormones required for libido in women
androgens
55
CBG
corticosteroid binding globulin
56
The two **internal** ducts ithat are present in an early embryo, (regardless of the sex) are:
Wolffian duct Mullerian duct
57
mullerian duct future
female internal re[productive tract
58
Locations/sub-location of GnRH production
arcuate nucleusandpreoptic are of hypothalamus
59
Location of sex steroid production
Testes and ovaries (functioning as endocrine glands , in addition to gamete production)
60
precursor of extraglandular estrogens in men
androstenedione
61
GnRH (decapeptide) & GAP 1. Synthesis 2. Processing
1- synthesis: as ***preprohormone*** (_92 AA_) in arcuate nucleus and preoptic area of **hypothalamus.** 2- Processing: 2 cleavages * 1st cleavage: ***pro-hormone*** (_69 AA_) * 2nd cleavage: a _56 AA_, G**AP**- **G**nRH **A**ssociated **P**rotein. 3- GnRH as a ***decapeptide*** with _10 AA._ Note: both GAP and GnRH are secreted into portal circulation.
62
At **6 week** gestation the genital ridges are invaded by
migratory germ cells - Prior to 6 wks, the fetus has indifferent gonads with genital ridges.
63
location for the following conversions: Androstenediol to andsosterone T to DHT
SER
64
genetic state: XO, Turners 1. Gonads 2. Mullerian ducts 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. Streak 2. MD- developed 3. WD- regressed 4. Female
65
The structures that are formed from mullerian duct in the absence of testosterone:
fallopian tubes uterus cervix upper 1/3 of vagina (in the absence of T, female is the "default" pattern)
66
Two distinct roles of reproductive system
1- endocrine ( reg' by HPG axis) and 2- reproductive
67
SSBG
steroid binding globulin (circulate sex steroids)
68
Reactions catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
Androstenedione is converted to testosterone, DHEA is converted to androstenediol, and estrone is converted to estradiol by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
69
DHT
Dihydrotestosterone
70
coelomic epithelial
during the first 5 week- precursors of granulosa and sertoli cells
71
genetic state: XY, No Androgen receptor 1. Gonads 2. Mullerian ducts 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. Testes 2. MD- regressed 3. WD- regressed 4. Female
72
development of male internal genitalia depends on these two hormones produced by fetal testes:
1. testosterone 2. MIH- Mullerian- inhibiting hormone
73
genetic state: XY, Reduced Testosterone 1. Gonads 2. Mullerian ducts 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. Testes 2. MD- regressed 3. WD- Regressed/Variable 4. M/F
74
urethral folds ( - )DHT (f)
labia minora
75
FSH/LH structure
•FSH, LH, TSH, hCG are all are glycoproteins with à and ß subunits à chains of TSH, hCG. LH and FSH are the same ß chain confers specificity
76
Reproductive (exocrine) function of reproductive system
1. Gametogenesis 1. male: continuous 2. female: cyclical 2. Maintnance of: 1. reproductive tract 2. secondary sex characteristic
77
GAP
GnRH associated peptide (hormone).
78
Estrogens (3 different types):
Estradiol 17B, estrone, estriol.
79
Regulation of _endocrine function_ of reproductive system
Hypothalamic pituitary- gonadal axis (HPG axis) In males: HPT (testicular ) axis
80
After X chromose activation, germ cells undergo mitosis and form
oogonia
81
cell(s) responsible for estrogen production (f):
granulosa and thecal
82
When does f. gonadal differentiation begin?
~ 9 weeks
83
Source of androgenic hormones in women
Adrenal Cortex
84
locations of progesterone production
Initially: corpus luteum later: placenta
85
location and function of *SRY* gene
located on the short arm of Y chromosome •Testes develop from primitive gonads via action of SRY region of Y chromosome
86
Klinefelters
XXY with dysgenic testes MD regressed WD developed external genialia: male
87
Total # of carbon of estrogens
18
88
cell types of indifferent m/f gonads during the first 5-week of pregnancy
1. coelomic epithelial 2. mesenchymal stromal cells
89
The genes that encode androgen receptors are located on this chromosome
X
90
The common tissue of labia minora and penile shaft:
urethral folds
91
External genitalia - m
glans penis scrotum penile shaft prostate gland
92
During development of male internal genitalia ,testostrone is produced by
Leydig cells
93
major organ for sex steroid metabolism
mainly liver
94
Hormones that affect the differential secretion of LH and FSH (in addition to GnRH)
1. testosterone 2. estrogen 3. activin 4. ihibin
95
manifestation of Morris syndrome(46XY)
genetic male- phenotype female (ext. genitalia)no internal tract blind-ending vagina greater than average height infertile absent or very slight pubic/axial hair.
96
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
97
wolffian ducts future
male **internal** reproductive tract
98
An X-linked recessive defect that leads to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissues.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome. male genotype- female phenotype
99
Reactions catalyzed by 5a-reductase (male specific pathways) Location
Reactions: androstenediol ---\> androsterone (C19) Testosterone ---\> DHT 5a-reductase mainly in testostrone target cells Dihydrotestosterone, or 5α-dihydrotestosterone, also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone. Androsterone, or 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone. It is a weak androgen with a potency that is approximately 1/7 that of testosterone. Androsterone is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
100
urogenital sinus (-) DHT/f
lower vagina
101
individuals with the gonads of one sex but the external genitalia of the opposite sex or both sexes
Pseudohermaphrodites
102
Estrone (E1) and Estradiol (E2) are converted to ------ in the liver.
estriol (E3) Note: estradiol 17B, Estrone and Estriol are produced by **granulosa** and **thecal cells** of ovary.
103
Rhythmic secretion of this hormone influences rate of expression for genes encoding the à, ßLH and ßFSH subunits.
Rhythm of GnRH secretion influences rate of expression for genes encoding the à, ßLH and ßFSH subunits.
104
genetic state: XY, Red. 5-a-reductase 1. Gonad 2. Mullerian ducts 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. Testes 2. MD- regressed 3. WD- developed 4. M/F
105
GAP secretion and function
secreted simultaneously from hypothalmic neurons with GnRH into portal circulation. Possible Role: inhibition of prolactin secretion
106
*Progesterone* circulation
Bound to CBG **unlike** **estrogen** and **testostrone** that circulate bound to _SSBG or albumin_.
107
active stimulation and transformation of wolffian duct into male reproductive tract is required for:
development of testes
108
genetic state: XX, normal 1. Gonads 2. Mullerian ducts, 3. Wolffian ducts 4. Ext. Genitalia
1. ovary 2. MD- developed 3. WD- regressed 4. Female
109
The stage (meiosis) at which female cells are arrested at:
late prophase Primary oocytes arrested in prophase I before birth.

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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