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Medical Physiology > Gastrointestinal Physiology- 2 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology- 2 Flashcards

Small Intestine I Small Intestine II Colonic Phase

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

secrete histamine that regulates HCL secretion

A

enterochromaffic- like cells (Oxynic)

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2
Q

For the GI t. content to move through the sphincter, it must

A

relax

lower the pressure

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3
Q

causes relaxation of smooth muscles in wall and contraction of sphincters
as well as inc. salivary secretion

A

NE

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4
Q

CCK- Cholecystokinin- site of secretion

A

I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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5
Q

preganglionic and post ganglionic fibers of parasympathetic that regulates the GI tracts

A

preganglionic- long and synapses on post ganglionic soma on or near the target.

The ganglia of the postganglionic fiber is located in the walls of GI within myenteric and submucosal plexus.

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6
Q

From gastric parietal cells
bicarbonate is secreted into ——- in exchange with —–.
While H+ is secreted into the ———- by means of ———.

A

HCO3- into interstitial space, exchanged for CL-

H+ into the lumen by means of K+/H+ pump

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7
Q

satiety center

A

inhibits appetite

Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VPN) of hypothalamus

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8
Q

NE from adrenergic neurons

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle in wall

contraction of sphincters and inc. salivary secretion

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9
Q

two hormones that decrease the gastric H+ secretion

A

GIP and Secretin

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10
Q

vagovagal reflexes

A

Parasymp- CN X (Vagus n.)
afferent limb: sensory info. f. chemo/mechano receptors to CNS

Afferent triggers a reflex

Efferent limb: motor info. is also contained w/in vagus nerve

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11
Q

The action of NO from neurons of enteric nervous system

A

relaxation of smooth muscles

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12
Q

CCK action

A

inc. pancreatic enzyme secretion
inc. pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Stimulates gallbladder contraction
Stimulates the relaxation of the sphincter of oddi
inhibits gastric emptying

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13
Q

name 4 gastrointestinal hormones and name the specialized hormone-secreting cells of the GI t.

A

Gastrin, CCK, Secretin and GIP (All induce contraction of pylorus).
enteroendocrine cells

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14
Q

necessary step for activation of gastric protease pepsin

A

luminal acidification

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15
Q

NTs of parasympathetic postgang. cells

A

VIP and ACh

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16
Q

Lower GI tract innervated by the pelvic n.

A

part of the wall of transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon

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17
Q

anterograde and retrograde flow in sphincters at rest

A

at rest- positive pressure

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18
Q

upper GI tract innervated by the Vagus n.

A

upper 1/3 of esophagous (striated muscles)
wall of the stomach and small intestine
wall of the ascending colon and part of the transverse n.

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19
Q

secreted by intestinal L cells following a meal. It acts to decrease appetite

A

PYY

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20
Q

secretin action

A

inc. pancreatic HCO3- secretion
inc. biliary HCO3- secretion
dec. Gastric H+ secretion
inhibits tropic effects of gastrin on gastric mucosa

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21
Q

secreted by gastric cells just before ingestion of a meal

A

Cherlin

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22
Q

stimuli for secretion of CCK

A

small peptides and amino acids

fatty acids

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23
Q

Leptin

Hint: secretion is proportional to the amount of fat stored

A

secreted from fat cells and decreasing appetite and increasing the energy expenditure.

24
Q

GIP action

A

inc. insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells

Dec. gastric H+ secretion

25
Q

Two types of gastric glands (secretory cells of stomach lining) and their location

A

Oxynic gland- orad

pyloric gland- caudad

26
Q

feeding center

A

Lateral Hypothalmic Area (LHA)

27
Q

GIP site of secretion

A

Duodenum and jejunum

28
Q

Sympathetic excitation –> NE release —> A —-> B production —-> Inc Ca2+ —-> Pylorus contraction.

A

A- a-1 receptor activation by NE

B- IP3 production –> intracellular Ca2+

29
Q

Types of parasym. postgang. fibers and the corresponding NTs:

A

cholinergic- ACh

Peptinergic- Y or VIP

30
Q

Gastrin site of secretion

A

G cells of stomach

31
Q

secretion of D cells and its function

A

(opxynic and pyloric gland) D cells secrete somatostatin that regulates HCL secretion

32
Q

Striated muscles (contractile tissues) of GI t.

A

pharynx
upper 1/3 of esophagus
external anal sphincter

33
Q

Causes contraction of smooth muscle in wall of GI tract and relaxation of sphincters

A

ACh from cholinergic neurons

34
Q

The three neuromodulators that are secreted from the neurons of enteric nervous system and cause relaxation of smooth muscle

A

neuropeptide Y, NO and VIP

35
Q

parasympathetic nn. of GI tract and the sites of innervations:

A

CN X- Vagus nerve: Upper GI tract

Pelvic n. : Lower GI tract

36
Q

power for acid secretion

and the flow of ions and water

A

K+/H+ powers acid secretion

Cl- follows H+ due to emf. water follows due to osmotic pressure

37
Q

Two hormones that increase the pancreatic HCO3- secretion

A

secretin and CCK

38
Q

Secretin site of secretion

A

S cells of duodenum

39
Q

stimuli for secretion of Gastrin

A

Small peptides and amino acids
vagal stimulation (GRP)
distension of the stomach

40
Q

action of gastric lipase

A

fat digestion (from chief cells)

41
Q

gip

A

glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide

42
Q

Parietal cells (oxynic gland) secretions and their function

A

HCL And intrinsic factor
HCL–> activation of pepsin, protein denaturation and bactericide

IF is required for B12 absoption

43
Q

contraction found in the orad region of the stomach

A

tonic

constant tone w/o relaxation

44
Q

Action of ACh from cholinergic neurons

A 
Contraction of smooth muscles in wall
relaxation of sphincters
inc salivary secretion
inc gastric secretion
inc pancreatic secretion
45
Q

mixed fibers of CNX

A

75% sensory- afferent

25% motor- efferent

46
Q

mode of contraction of the lower esophageal, iliocecal and internal anal sphincters

A

tonic contraction

47
Q

results in changes in sphincter pressure

A

coordinated with smooth muscle contraction of adjacent organs via reflexes.

48
Q

The neuromodulators that are secreted from the neurons of enteric nervous system and cause contraction of smooth muscle

A

Enkephalines (opiates) and substance P

49
Q

Substance P

A

cosecreted with ACh by neurons of enteric nervous system and causes:
contraction of smooth muscles and
inc. salivary secretion

50
Q

gastrin action

A

Inc. gastric H+ secretion

stimulates the growth of gastric mucosa

51
Q

stimuli for secretion secretin

A

H+ in the duodenum (from S cells) and

fatty acids in duodenum

52
Q

Orexigenic neurons (from arcuate nucleus) secrete neuropeptide Y and —-

A

increases appetite

53
Q

Synthesized and secreted by intestinal L cells. Among its actions, like leptin and insulin, it decreases appetite

A

GLP-1 decreases appetite

54
Q

VIP-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide action (from neurons of enteric nervous system)

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

inc. intestinal secretion
inc. pancreatic secretion

55
Q

Chief cells (Oxynic) secret

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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