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Medical Physiology > Autonomic nervous system- Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system- Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Sym preganglionic neurons synapse on ———– cells of adrenal medulla and secrete ———-as NT that binds to N<strong>2</strong> R’s.

A

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Secrete ACh binds to N2 Receptors.

N2’s are a type of Cholinergic receptors( Cholinergic- nicotinic).

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2
Q

wide spread action of SNS via

causes globalization of sympathetic reaction

A

Adrenal medulla

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3
Q

3 general locations of nicotinic receptors

A

1- N2 -Nn- Autonomic ganglia

2- Nn-Adrenal medula

3- Nm- Neuromuscular Junction

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4
Q

The absence of this enzyme leads to the production of NE only in sympathetic postganglionic neurons (sym. post.gng nn’s):

A

PNMT- phenylethanolamine

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5
Q

ß1 produces/causes:

A

Excitation

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6
Q

Activation of nicotinic receptors cause:

A

Excitation

Ion- channels for Na+/K+

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7
Q

all neurons that conduct SENSORY information from viscera are located in

A

peripheral ganglia- either dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

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8
Q

The effect of SNS on the skin’s arrector muscle, peripheral bv, and sweat glands:

A

Hairs stand out

Blood vessels constrict- vasoconstriction

Sweat glands secret (sweating)

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9
Q

Autonomic center(s) of pons

A

pneumotaxic center

Part of respiratory center, the other two parts are located in medulla.

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10
Q

à1 adrenergic receptor Location:

G-protein:

Mechanism of action:

A

smooth muscles

Gq

Inc. IP3/[Ca2+]

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11
Q

ß2 produces

A

Relaxation-Dilation

  • Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles
  • Dilation of bronchioles
  • Relaxation of bladder wall
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12
Q

The effect(s) of sysm. tone on the:

1- SNA node and HR

2- AV nodal conduction

3- contractility

A

Increase for all three under sympathetic tone.

Inc. HR

Inc. AV nodal conduction

Inc. contractility

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13
Q

The only division that exerts control over the vasomotor functioning of the vessels of the body wall

A

Sympathetic division

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14
Q

Autonomic center(s) of midbrain:

  • Name an example
A

Micturition center

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15
Q

(Beta-2) ß<strong>2</strong> adrenergic receptor Location:

G-protein:

Mechanismof action:

A
  • smooth muscles
  • Gs
  • Inc. [cAMP]
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16
Q

vasodilation is typically elicited by this division of ANS

A

Parasympathetic

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17
Q

à-Receptor affinity fo NE and EPI

A

Greater affinity for norepinephrine

N.E. > EPI

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18
Q

Activation of B2 receptors of skeletal muscles’ b.v.:

A

Sympathetic tone →

Stimulates B2⇒ vasodialation in skeletal muscle

(blood vessels of the skeletal muscles).

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19
Q

Contractility of the heart under parasym. influce:

A

The receptor for the parasym division is M- muscarininc

Reduction of contractility- ATRIA

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20
Q

Innervation of the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors of the aortic arch:

A

GVA

Parasympathetic/ CN X

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21
Q

CNIII

A

parasym. Preg. neuron

oculomotor

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22
Q

Symp. action in the kidney and fat cells

(B1 adrenergic receptors)

A
  1. Kidney- inc. renin secretion
  2. Fat cells- inc. lipolysis
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23
Q

Parasym. tone causes the ———– of detrusor muscle and ———- of the internal sphincter of the bladder.

A

Contraction of the detrusor muscle

Relaxation of the internal sphincter.

“full” state

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24
Q

Parasympathetic function of CN X

A

visceromotor

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25
Q

Result of the binding ATP to its receptors (P2x)

A

Rapid contraction of smooth muscle

Tension of vascular smooth muscle

Ionotropic- inflow of Ca2+ and Na+

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26
Q

Stimulation of M3 R’s of the smooth muscles of GI tract leads to:

A

M3 stimulation (for both glands and smooth muscles) has excitatory effects

M3 activation ⇒ Increased GI motility

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27
Q

Stimulation of M3 R’s leads to ——— of glands.

A

M3 stimulation of both glands and smooth muscles of GI has excitatory effects.

M3 activation ⇒ increased secretion

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28
Q

Ganglion associated with glossopharyngeal nerve

A

otic ganglion

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29
Q

The center for conscious perception

A

cerebral cortex

-Regulates hypothalamus, which in turn regulates cranial nerve and spinal cord mediated autonomic activities.

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30
Q

Mechanism of action of B2 and B1

A

both via GPCR- Gs proptein –>stimulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) –> Inc. cAMP

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31
Q

Parasympathetic Efferent cranial nerves

A

CN IX and X carry significant amt of parasym afferent

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32
Q

The postgnanglionic n. branching from submandibular ganglion innervates

A

innervates submandibular and sublingual glands

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33
Q

Degrades cGMP

A

cGMP phosphodiasterase

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34
Q

Primary NT of preg. neurons of SNS and PNS

A

ACh- Acetylcholine

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35
Q

The dominant ANS division during “filling” state of bladder:

* status of the detrusor muscle and the internal sphincter

A

sympathetic is dominant

detrusor muscle- relaxed (B2 R)

internal sphincter- constricted (a1 R).

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36
Q

2 compounds that activate nicotinic receptors

A

ACh and nicotine

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37
Q

SNS effects on the heart

HR, contraction strength and coronary vessels

A
  • Inc. HR
  • Inc. contraction strength
  • In coronary vessel - SNS inhibits PNS
  • PNS inhibition ► Allows dilation (exception)
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38
Q

carotid sinus and body impulses are carried to medulla via:

A

Sinus- glossopharyngeal nerve

Body- vagus nerve

Sinus- localized dilation of internal carotid artery at its origin(resp to inc.dec BP).

Carotic body- chemoreceptor- mainly responds to changes in arterial o2 and co2. impulses are carried by vagus nerve.

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39
Q

Sympathetic effect on the radial muscles of the iris

A

SNS causes pupil dilation

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40
Q

Stimulation/activation of a1 receptors in blood vessels of skin and splanchnic:

A

Sympathetic → a1 stimulation → bv constriction in skin and splanchnic.

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41
Q

M3 R’s (cholinergic_muscarinic receptors) of the smooth muscles and the GI glands are activated by

A

ACh and muscarine

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42
Q

Mechanism when B1 produces excitation in the heart

Examples of B1 excitation: inc. HR, inc. conduction velocity, and inc. contractility

A

GPCR- Gs protein → adenylate cyclase (AC) →

Inc. [cAMP] ► inc. ( HR, conduction velocity, and contractility)

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43
Q

The effect of nicotine on N2 and N1 R’s:

A

Nicotine is agonist to both

(N2 receptor is different from neuromuscular N1).

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44
Q

Location of muscarinic receptors:

  • PNS division
A
  • heart (M2)
  • smooth muscles (M3)
  • glands (M3)

The sysmpathetic post-ganglionic receptors of the sweat glands are also muscarinic (exception).

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45
Q

Mechanism of action of sweat gland’s muscarinic R’s (SNS):

A

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase ⇒ dec. [cAMP]

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46
Q

The type of vascular smooth muscles regulated during secretion

A

Unitary

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47
Q

The effect of PNS on the Heart:

HR, Contraction strength and coronary vessel

A
  1. Reduced HR-
  2. Reduced Contractile strength
  3. Coronary artery constricts

In general, reduced demand for the heart

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48
Q

Muscarinic receptors are generally found in:

A

Effector organs of PNS

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49
Q

B1 response and mechanism of action

A

GPCR-Gs

sensitive to both epi and norepi

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50
Q

a2 mechanism of action

A

Gi-GPCR

inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC)- dec. cAMP

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51
Q

a1 mechanism of action

A

Gq-GPCR → stimulation of PLC → Inc IP3 /Ca2+

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52
Q

Nicotinic (cholinoreceptor) mechanism of action:

A

Via depolarization opening of Na+/K+ channel

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53
Q

parasympathetic visceral sensory pathway

A

from pelvic viscera travel in spinal n. through ventral root

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54
Q

symp. action in bladder via B2 and a1 R’s

A

B2-relaxes the wall a1- const. sphincter

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55
Q

Ganglion associated with occulomotor

A

ciliary ganglion

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56
Q

The effect of PNS on the M3 R’s ofGI tract

A

M3- increased motility M3- sphincter relaxation

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57
Q

Beta-1 (B1) adrenergic receptor Location: Gprotein: Mechanism:

A

heart Gs IInc. cAMP

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58
Q

epinephrine synthesis in adrenal medulla

A

Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> epinephrine

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59
Q

Visceromotor function of CN X influences

A

thoracic and abdominal viscera up to the first 2/3 of the colon

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60
Q

autonomic center(s) of hypothalamus

A

temp reg center thirst-food intake regulation center.

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61
Q

Viagra mode of action

A

prolongs cGMP action by inhibiting the cGMP phosphodiasterase

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62
Q

autonomic centers of medulla

A

vasomotor center respiratory center swallowing, coughing and vomiting center

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63
Q

Primary NT of postgang. neurons SNS

A

NorEpi, neurons to sweat glands- Ach

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64
Q

parasym. action in bladder via M3 receptors

A

M3- contraction of the wall M3- relaxn of the internal sphincter

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65
Q

SNS impact in glands other than sweat

A

indirect- vasoconstriction

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66
Q

pupil- PNS

A

pupil constriction - retina protection

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67
Q

Cholinergic receptor-Nicotinic-N2 (Nn) Location: Gprotein: Mechanism:

A

Autonomic ganglia (NEJ- Neuro effector juction) - opening of Na+/K+ channel

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68
Q

a2 receptors- adrenergic- location and impact

A

located on sym postgang nerve terminal, platelets, fat cells and the walls of GI tract Gi- Inhibition

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69
Q

binding of —— to Guanylyl cyclase (GC) activates this E in smooth muscle and leads to

A

NO + GC –> Active GC —> first phase of muscle relaxation

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70
Q

Nociceptor info carried exclusively by ——— while info from physiological receptor travel; primarily in ——

A

symp- parasym

71
Q

B2 receptor location

A

1- vascular smooth muscles of skeletal muscles 2- bronchial smooth muscles 3- walls of the GI tract and bladder

72
Q

peripheral visceral nociceptor pathway

A

symp sympathetic n. —> sympathetic trunk —> White Ramus —> Dorsal root —> spinal chord ———> used locally for Autonomic reflexes

73
Q

NE r synt. from dopamine in ———- and stored in ——– vesicles

A

varicosities and strored in small-dense core vesicles.

74
Q

SNS effect on B1 R’s of fat cells

A

inc. lipolysis

75
Q

atropine inhibits the —— receptors.

A

muscarinic receptors (M2 and M3)

76
Q

Preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic system (the origin):

A

Cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X

Sacral spinal segments- S2-S4

77
Q

list the three compns. f t heart with B1 and M R’s (und. contl of sym. and psrasym,)

A

SA node & HR AV node conduction contractility

78
Q

Target tissues with muscarininc receptors:

A

All effector organs under parasympathetic effect

Plus, sweat glands innervated by the sympathetic.

79
Q

a1- adrenergic receptors are found in this tissue

and functian via this mechanism

A
  • cause contraction and constriction (excitation in general) in smooth muscle.
  • Function by inc IP3 /Ca2+
80
Q

vasoconstriction is sympathetically stimulated with the exception of ………………… in whch results in vasodilation.

Hint: cardiac muscles and blood vessels

A

SNS ► vasodilation of coronary artries

81
Q

ACh-R channel type of NMJ

A

Na+/K+ ion channel

Binding of ACh to the alpha subunit → opens the channel

82
Q

Referred pain

A

visceral pain that is diffused and poorly localize. It signifies the incorrect perception of the the origin of pain detected by the stimulation of visceral nociceptor, as a result of release of endogenous compounds due to tissue breakdown.

83
Q

M1 muscarinic receptor location (subtype of cholinergic receptors)

G-protein:

Mechanism of action:

A

M1 receptors are located in CNS

Gq -GPCR

Inc. IP3/Ca2+

84
Q

Cholinoreceptors include:

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

85
Q

2 ganglions associated with the facial nerve

A
  1. Pterygopalatine
  2. Submandibular
86
Q

Adrenoreceptors include (subtypes):

A
  1. à1
  2. à2
  3. ß1
  4. ß2
87
Q

Ganglionic blockers inhibit majority of the nicotinic receptors except:

A

Nm

N2 (Nn) are blocked by ganglionic blockers. However, nicotinic receptors of NMJ (Nm) are not affected by it.

88
Q

VIP

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

89
Q

ACh binds to this receptor on endothelial cells and results in the release of NO

A

ACh + muscarinic R (M3) → Inc. IP3 → Inc Ca2+ ► NO formation and release ⇒ NO diffuse into smooth muscle

90
Q

Gland secretion is generally under the control of ——— except sweat glands

A

PNS

91
Q

Rapid relaxation of smooth muscle achieved via these 2 NT’s:

A

ACh and NO

92
Q

Preganglionic NT and assciciated R of SNS and PNS

A

ACh- Nicotinic R

93
Q

Specialized ganglion of SNS, capable of secreting both NE and EPI

A

adrenal medulla

Secrete both NE and EPI into the general circulation

94
Q

Examples of organs with excitatory M receptors

A

M3 of smooth muscle and glands

95
Q

B1 mch. of action

A

stimulation of adenyl cyclase ► inc. [cAMP]

96
Q

B2 mch act

A

Stimulation of adenyl cyclase. ► inc. [cAMP]

97
Q

Adrenergic receptors release ————- with the exception of sweat glands and vascular smooth muscle in deep skeletal muscle.

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

98
Q

Relative affinity of B receptors for NE and EPI

A

Higher affinity for EPI

EPI>NE

99
Q

Activation of M3 receptors leads to:

Hint: smooth muscles and glands

A

Excitation via Gq

Stimulation of PLC ► Inc. IP3/[Ca2+]i *

* Increase in the intracellular conc. of Ca2+

100
Q

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are stored in ———— vesicles.

A

Large-dense core vesicles

101
Q

Lacrimal and salivary glands’ secretion under the influence of SNS and PNS

A

Sympathetic tone reduces the secretion of both lacrimal and salivary glands. Parasympathetic increases the secretion of both glands.

102
Q

Sympathetic pegang neurons directly synapse on thie cells of this organ

A

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

103
Q

Delayed relaxation of smooth muscle

A

Relaxation caused by VIP

104
Q

Parasympathetic efferent neurons

A

CN III, VII, IX and X carry visceromotor

105
Q

The finial 1/3 of the colon, the pelvic viscera, and genitalia receive parasympathetic motor functions through

A

The sacral parasympathetic neurons

106
Q

Location of B1 R’s of the heart:

A

SA node, AV node and ventricular

107
Q

Explain the mechanism of inhibition is producedby the stimulation of adrenergic a2 R’s

A

Stimulation of a2 → inhibition via Gs-GPCR → inhibits adenylate cyclase → Red. [cAMP]

Examples of inhibition via a2 includes dilation and relaxation in the following targets:

  1. sym. pst. gng nerve terminals,
  2. platelets,
  3. walls of GI tract
  4. fat cells
108
Q

SNS effect on the pupil

A

Dilation to:

1- increase light and 2- reduce depth of focus

109
Q

CN VII

A

facial The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply cranial nerve VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

110
Q

ANS and alteration of glandular secretion

+ SNS

A

Bood flow restriction ► Reduced section

With the help of vascular smooth muscles( unitary unit type )

111
Q

parasym. postgang. cells are ————— operating via ——– receptors.

A

Cholinergic that operate via muscarinic receptor

112
Q

eNOS

A

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

113
Q

Sensitivity of adrenergic B2-R’s

A

More sensitive to EP thanNE ( EP> NE )

B2-EP > a1-EP (B2 receptors are more sensitive to EP than a1)

114
Q

Sym. tone causes the ———— of detrusor muscle and ——— of the ibladder’s nternal sphincter.

A

relaxatio, constriction

115
Q

alpha-2 (a2) adrenergic receptor location:

G-protein:

Mechanism:

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Gi-GCPR
  3. Red. cAMP
116
Q

CN III

Oculomotor parasympathetic effect on the pupil

A

Pupil constriction

117
Q

Submandibular ganglion and pterygopalatine ganglion are innervated by this CN

A

CN VII

118
Q

The receptors of v_ascular smooth muscles deep in skeletal muscle_ and sweat glands

A

Muscarinic receptors that receive cholinergic input

119
Q

Ganglionic blockers only block the ———— receptors.

A

Autonomic ganglion

120
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nn and Nm

121
Q

Presence of PNMT in chromaffin cells lead to the production of

A

Both NE and Epi

PNMT catalyzes the synt, of EPI from NE.

sym. pst.gng. nn lack PNMT ► only secret NE (Thus the name adrenergic neurons)

122
Q

Sym classical NT’s in effector organs

A

NE except sweat glands (ACh)

123
Q

SAC mechanism

A

Conformational channel results in release of Na+/ Ca2+ into the cell.

124
Q

Two examples of reciprocal innervation of organs by SNS and PNS

A

1- SA node and HR elevation when BP dec.

2- urinary bladder: both detrusor and internal sphincters are innervated by both SNS and PNS

125
Q

M3 R’s (cholinergic/muscarinic) of the smooth muscles and the glands are inhibited by

A

Atropine

126
Q

End result of VIP binding to its receptor (VIP-R)

A

Inc. [Ca]2+ ► smooth muscle relaxation

127
Q

Once stimulated, a2 receptors produce:

A

Inhibition (dilation/relaxation) via Gs-GCPR

128
Q

Activates muscarinic receptors

A

ACh and muscarine

129
Q

Once stimulated (by binding to NE), a1 receptors produce:

A

excitation/contraction

Gq-GPCR’s → stimulating PLC→ inc IP3, inc [Ca2+] intracellular

130
Q

occulomotor nerve

A

CN III

131
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

132
Q

PNS and the circular muscles of the iris

A

Constriction of the pupil

133
Q

a1 receptor locations:

A

Vascular smooth muscles of skin and splanchnic region

Sphincters of GI and bladder

134
Q

GVA- visceral sensory Afferent

A

Sym splanchnic nerve sym cardiac nerve parasym division of vagus nerve and the pelvic nerves

135
Q

B2 receptors

A

same as B1- Gs

But produce relaxation and dialation

  • dilation of vascular smooth muscle
  • dilation of bronchioles
  • relaxation of bladder wall
  • Relaxation of GI tract
136
Q

CN VII (parasympathetic) effect on:

  • Tears
  • Mucus secretion
  • Salivation
A
  1. Inc. tears
  2. Inc. mucous secretion: nasal Palatine and pharangeal
  3. Inc. salivation
137
Q

Non-classical NT’s of parasym. pst.gng nn

A

VIP and NO

VIP-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

138
Q

Autonomic sensory information is gathered by these 2 receptors

A
  • Nociceptive (painful)
  • Specialized physiological receptors for stretch and touch
    *
139
Q

The effect of SNS and PNS on the ciliary body

A

SNS has no effect

Only under PNS ► ciliary contraction ► thickening of the lense.

140
Q

The drop in BP is detected and later processed by the ————-center of brain stem.

As a result, the parasympathtic activity is ——- and sym. activity is ——. This result in an increase in HR which ultimately raises and adjusts the BP.

A

Initial signal < drop HR > is detected by the vasomotor center (brain stem ).

Reduction of the parasympathatic tone, and simoultaneous increase in sympathetic tone ⇒ increased HR ⇒ increased BP

141
Q

The effect(s) of SNS on GI tract via a2/B2 receptors

A

Decreased motility

142
Q

Exceptions in which SNS induces vasodilation

A

Coronary Arteries and Deep muscles

143
Q

SNS is both ———– and ———–. But, PNS is only ——— .

Hint: pattern of distribution

A

SNS: global and local

PNS: only local

144
Q

VIP Mode of operation

A

GPCR

145
Q

Locations of nicotinic receptors (N1 and N2)

A

N1 (Nm) - Skeletal muscle, motor end plate - NMJ.

N<strong>2 - </strong>Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS

N2 - Adrenal medulla

146
Q

Large-dense core vesicles contain (located in the vasicosities of nerve terminals):

A

Neuropeptide Y & VIP

147
Q

Initiates the activation of ionotropic receptors and an increase in Na+/K+conduction

A

Binding of 2 ACh’s to a-domains of the receptor.

148
Q

Binding of ACh to this receptor on endothelial cell results in its activation and the release of NO.

A

M3- muscarinic receptors on endothelial cells

149
Q

The effect of glossopharyngeal impulses on parotid gland

A

Increased secretion

150
Q

Outline the process once the M2 R’s of the heart are activated:

A

M2 stimulation is inhibitory.

  1. Activation Gi-GPCR of the heart’s SA node
  2. Inhibition of the adenylate cyclase enzyme
  3. Opening of the K+ channels
  4. Slowing spontaneous depolarization of phase 4
151
Q

M2 (cholinergic/muscarinic) Location:

G-protein:

Mechanism:

A
  • Heart
  • Gi-GPCR
  • dec. cAMP
152
Q

PNS receptors on the effector organs

A

Muscarinic

153
Q

Multitransmission release from postganglionic symp cells Receptors:

Hint- two different Ca2+ surges and 3 distinct phases

A
  1. P2XR- binds to ATP ► Na+-Ca2+ entry ► depolarization ♦ phase I- fast.
  2. Opens Ca2+-sensitive gated channels ► 1st Ca2+ surge ♦ phase II- slower.
  3. NE binds to a1- adrenergic R’s (smooth muscles) ► Gq Activation (Inc IP3 ) ► Release of Ca2+ from ER _ 2nd Ca2+ surge
  4. Polypeptide Y binds to Y1 ♦ Phase III- slowest.
154
Q

Adrenergic receptors of 1- s_ympathetic pstganglionic nerve terminals_ and 2- walls of the GI tract are:

A

a1-R’s

(excitation/contraction via Gq CPCR’s -PLC)

155
Q

These receptors are located in the autonomic ganglia of the SNS, PNS, and in adrenal medulla

A

N2- nicotinic receptor

156
Q

The effects of SNS on the a1 R’s of GI tract:

A

Constriction of sphincters

157
Q

SNS effect on B1 R’s of the kidneys

A

Inc. renin secretion

158
Q

The effect of PNS on the skin’s arrector muscle, peripheral bv, and sweat glands:

A

Parasympathetic has No effect

159
Q

Stimulated sym. postganglionic neurons secret these two NT’s

A

ATP and NE- both act as NTs.

1st- ATP binds to purinergic receptor and then, NE follows the action of ATP (similar but stronger physiological response).

160
Q

Secretion of chromaffin cells into the circulation is composed of:

A

80% EPI & 20% NE

161
Q

Primary NT of postgang. PNS

A

ACh

162
Q

SNS non-classic NT’s

A

Neuropeptide Y & ATP

* most of the time ATP is cosecreted with NE (colocalized with NE)

163
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors of parasympathetic postganglionic nerves

164
Q

SAC

Is an example of SAC

A

Stretch Gated Channel

Heart- mechanoreceptor

165
Q

small-dense core vesicles contain

A

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase, NE, and ATP- Which is colocalized with NE.

166
Q
  1. Nicotinic-N1 (Nm) Location:
  2. G-protein:
  3. Mechanism:
A
  1. Skeletal muscle (NMJ)
  2. No G-protein involved
  3. Opening of Na+/K+ channel
167
Q

Stimulation with high intensity or highfrequency leads to the co-secretion of ——- in addition to ACh to augment its effectd.

A

VIP

168
Q

Muscarinic receptors can be found in:

A

1- Heart

2- Smooth muscle

3- Glands

169
Q

vago- vegal

A

CN X- Parasym- GVA- sensation of fullness

170
Q

Block nicotinic receptors

A

ganglionic blockers

171
Q

Carotid sinus baroreceptor and body chemoreceptor are

A

parasym Afferent- GVA - CN IX

172
Q

Nicotine effect on autonomic nervous system: both PNS and SNS

Which one dose last longer?

A

SNS: hypertension via cardiac stimulation

PNS: hypotension via cardiac relaxation

Sympathetic effects lasts longer.

173
Q

The micturition (emptying the bladder) is under the ———- control. However, the micturition reflex is controlled by ANS and regulated by the ——-.

A

The micturition (emptying the bladder) is under the voluntary control. However, the micturition reflex is controlled by ANS and regulated by the mid-brain.

174
Q

M2 receptors have ———- effects on the heart.

A

Inhibitory

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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