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Medical Physiology > Adrenal medulla > Flashcards

Adrenal medulla Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ß2 target tissues

A

vascular smooth muscle of

SKELETAL Muscle

GI tract, wall

Bladder, wall Bronchioles

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2
Q

catecholamine storage

A

storage vesicles of chromaffin cells

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3
Q

Conversion of Tyr to DOPA takes place in —— and is regulated by——.

A

Cytosol ( TYR → DOPA).

ACh released from preganglionic sysmpathetic neurons (nicotinic receptor).

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4
Q

ß1 target tissues

A

Heart

Salivary glands

adipose tissue

kidneys

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5
Q

Control the stimulation of catecholamine release

A

hypothalamus and the brain stem

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6
Q

À receptors are more sensitive to (EPi or NE)

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

ANEEE

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7
Q

a2 mechanism of action

A

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, dec. cAMP

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8
Q

Compate the effects of medullary hormones vs NTs

A

medullary hormones- Global

NT’s - Local

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9
Q

COMT and it’s function

A

Catechol-O-methyl transfrase – inactivates catecholamines

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10
Q

Adrenal medulla action during an exercise:

How simoultaneously increase CO and bld flow to skeletal muscle:

A

B2 adrenergic receptors of skeletal muscle vasculature is coupled to AC which cause an inc. cAMP.

In cardiac muscle, an inc. in cAMP, inhibits phosphorylation of MLC (myosin light chain).

The combination of the two results in an increase in O2 availibility. (B2 is also a bronchiodialator)

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11
Q

Stimulates NE ⇒ Epi

A

Cortisol (adrenal cortex)

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12
Q

The modulator of the following synthetic step (catecholamine synthesis):

NE –> Epi

A

Cortisol released by adrenal cortex

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13
Q

The adrenergic receptor(s) with higer affinity for NE (NE>E):

A

All the ones + B3

a1, B1

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14
Q

what are the cells capable of storing catecholamines:

A

catecholamine cells

80% release NE

20% Epi

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15
Q

à1 target tissues

A

vascular smooth muscle skin renal, splanchnic, GI tract SPINCTERS bladder, sphincters radial muscles, iris

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16
Q

cells responsible for synthesis and release of catecholamines

A

chromaffin- adrenal medula

17
Q

Adrenal medulla action on

1- veind and lymphatics

2- skeletal muscle arterioles

3- splanchnic arterioles

A

1- veins and lymphatic-

à vasocistriction ⇒ inc. venus return

2- skeletal muscle arterioles-

ß2 vasodialation ⇒ inc. blood flow

3- Splanchnic arterioles

à vasoconstriction ⇒ red. blood flow to GI

18
Q

ß receptors are more sensitive to (Epi or NE).

A

EPI BEEPEE

19
Q

Parent compound of catecholamines:

A

Tyr

20
Q
A
21
Q

Hormonal reinforcement of adrenal medulla during exercise

1- ß cells- à2 Receptors.

2- à cells- ß2 Receptors.

A

1- dec. insulin

2- inc glucagon

22
Q

physiological effect of medullary hormones

A

Global

Inc, HR and contractile force

Skeletal mucles blood vessels DIALATED

blood vessel constriction

Bronciole dialation

lipolysis stimulation

Inc metabolic rate-

Increase O2 consumption and heat production

breakdown glycogen in skeletal muscle

pupil dialation

23
Q

Cortex secrets steroids, while medulla secret ——

A

catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine

24
Q

à2 target tissues

A

GI tract, wall

25
Q

How the followings are acheived by adrenal medula during exercise in order to conserve energy:

Inc Blood glusoce

Inc Blood ketone bodies (KB)

Inc Blood FFA

Inc Blood Lactate

Inc Blood Glycerol

A

GI and urinary tracts - B2- dec motility Adipose- B2-B3- inc lipolysis- dec. glucose uptake liver B2- Increased ( glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis) Skeletal muscle B2- inc glycogenolysis, decreased Glucose uptake

26
Q

The recptor with equal affinity for E and NE (E=NE)

A

a2

mechanism of action inhibition of AC (The only inhibitory)

27
Q

Catecholamine

a- transport

b- inactivation

c- excretion

A

a- transported in blood: FREE or SULFATE conj with short half life

b- Inactivation-

  1. target tissue uptake,
  2. MAO
  3. COMT inactive metabolites

c- Excrete in urine

28
Q

Rate determining step of catecholamine synthesis

A

dopa conversion to norepinephrine (NE)

DOPA → NE

29
Q

Both postganglionic sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells are derived from:

A

neuronal crest

30
Q

The main regulator of the catecholamine synthesis and release:

A

Hypothalamus and brain stem

31
Q

The adrenergic receptor with higher affinity for E ( E>NE):

A

B2

32
Q

B (1 and 2) adrenergic mechanism of action

A

Stimulation of AC, Inc. cAMP

33
Q

ACh released from preganglionic sysmpathetic neurons (nicotinic receptor) modulates these two synthetic steps of catecholamine synthesis:

A

Tyrosine –> XDopa

Dopa –> NE

34
Q

What are the stimuli for catecholamine release:

What is the mechanism of release:

A

Stress is the stimuli for release (catecholamines are stress hormones)

Mode of release: exocytosis

35
Q

Stimuli for catecholamine release and its mechanism

A

Stress as stimuli- stimulation - ACh binding to nicotinic receptors

Mechanism: exocytosis

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