Endocrine- Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
regulation of endocrine function
A
Hypothalamic pituitary- gonadal axis
2
Q
The role of reproductive system
A
endocrine and exocrine, dependent of each other.Reproductive function
3
Q
exocrine function of reproductive system
A
gametogenesis
4
Q
sex steroid production
A
Testes and ovaries- endocrine glands , in addition to gamete production
5
Q
Sex Steroid circulation (testosterone and estrogen)
A
bound to SSBG or albumin
6
Q
SSBG
A
steroid binding globulin
7
Q
progesterone circulation
A
bound to CBG
8
Q
CBG
A
corticosteroid binding globulin
9
Q
Normal levels of testosterone (T), Estrogen (E) and estradiol 17B depends on
A
agegenderhealth statustime of the daywomen: phase of menstrual cycle
10
Q
sex steroid metabolism s similar to ……….
A
corticosteroids and mineral corticoids
11
Q
sex steroid metabolism
A
mainly liverurine excretion
12
Q
Enzyme for androstenediol —> androsteroneand Testosterone —> dihydrotestosterone
A
5-a- reductase
13
Q
location for the following conversionsAndrostenediol to andsosteroneand T conversion to Dihydrotestosterone
A
SER
14
Q
SERA –> 17-a-hydroxypregnenolone –> B
A
A- pregnenoloneB- DHEA- Dehydroepiandrosterone
15
Q
DHEA
A
de. hydro.epi.andro.sterone
16
Q
Estrone (E1) and Estradiol (E2) are converted to —— in the liver.
A
estriol E3
17
Q
total # of Cs for male sex steroid
A
19
18
Q
total # of carbon of estrogens
A
18
19
Q
precursor of extraglandular estrogens in men
A
andro.sten.ediol
20
Q
DHT
A
Dihydrotestosterone
21
Q
cells producing T
A
leydig cells of testes
22
Q
source of androgenic hormones in women
A
adrenal
23
Q
the androgenic hormones in women, take effect during this period
A
after menopauseandrogenic hormones produced by adrenals
24
Q
Estrogens
A
Estradiol 17B, estrone, estriol
25
estrogens are produced in
ovaries
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cell(s) responsible for estrogen production
granulosa and thecal
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two locations for progesterone production
corpus luteumlater: placenta
28
required for libido in women
androgens
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androgens
testosterone:- androstenedione (precursor of extraglandular estrogen)- DHEA- DHT
30
precursor of extraglandular estrogens in men
androstenedione
31
Locations/sub-location of GnRH production
arcuate nucleusandpreoptic are of hypothalamus
32
GnRH as a DECAPEPTIDE
1- synthesis: PREPRO-hormone2- cleavage: PRO-hormone3- cleavage: decapeptide
33
92AA GnRH
preprohormone
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69AA GnRH
prohormone
35
GAP
GnRH associated hormone
36
GnRH associate hormone
56AA left-over- decapeptide
37
GAP secretion and function
simultaneously with GnRHPossible Role: inhibition of prolactin secretion
38
GnRH binds the plasma membrane of ------- in pituitary and stimulates the release of both FSH and LH.
gonadotroph
39
mention other hormones in the same family as LH/FSH
TSH and hCG
40
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
41
FSH/LH structure
Glycoproteins with a and B subunits
42
compare and contrast the subunits of LH/FSH, TSH, and hCG
All glycoproteins: a and B subunitsa chains are the sameB chain confers specificity
43
Rhythmic secretion of this hormone expression rates of the following genes:a, B(LH) and B(FSH) subunits
GnRH
44
Except GnRHOther hormones that affect the differential secretion of LH and FSH
testosterone, estrogen, activing and ihibin
45
individual with both male and female gonads
true hermaphrodites
46
individuals with the gonads of one sex but the external genitalia of the opposite sex or both sexes
pseudohermaphrodites
47
period for gonadal differentiation- in which m/f in-utero gonals are indifferent
1st 5 week- indifferent gonals
48
cell types of indifferent m/f gonads during the first 5-week of pregnancy
coelomic epithelialmesenchymal stromal cells
49
coelomic epithelial
precursors of granulosa and sertoli cells
50
precursor of sertoli cells
coelomic epithelial
51
precursors of theca and leydig cells
mesenchymal stromal cells
52
period of m. gonadal differentiation
6-7 wks
53
male gonadal differentiation
formation of seminiferous tubilessertoli cells enclose germ cells
54
the period of leydig cells appearance during m. gonadal differentiation
by 8-9 week
55
which one of the following can not be detected at 6-7 wks gestation period:A- germ cellsB- seminiferous tubulesC- leydig cellsD- sertoli cells
C- leydig cells appear later- 8-9 weeksChoice A might have been difficult to eliminate. Indirectly, it's been given that during 6-7 weeks sertoli cells enclose germ cells.
56
When does f. gonadal differentiation begins
~ 9 weeks
57
Gonadal differentiation:male6-7 weeks8-9 weeks
6-7 wksseminiferous tubules formsertoli cells enclose germ cellsBY 8-9leydig cells appear
58
female differentiation at 9 weeks
XX activation (both)Germ cells -- MITOSIS --> oogoniaMeiosis initiated in some oogonia - surrounded by granulosa cells and stroma.Stroma --> thecacells arrested in late prophase
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the stage at which female cells are arrested at
late prophase
60
germ cells that undergo mitosis form
oogonia
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( females ) in some of ------- meiosis is initiated.
oogonia
62
From ----, theca cells develop.
stroma
63
male determinant chromosome
Y
64
SRY
Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome
65
location of SRY
Short arm of Y chromosomed
66
this gene allows the development of testes
SRY
67
The genes that encode androgen receptors are located on this chromosome
X
68
Regardless of the genetic make up, prior to 6 weeks gestation, the fetus has indifferent gonads that have formed from -----
the genital ridges
69
At 6 week gestation the genital ridges are invaded by
migratory germ cells
70
the two ducts in early embryo, regardless of the sex are:
Wolffian ductMullerian duct
71
wolffian ducts future
male internal reproductive tract
72
mullerian duct future
female internal re[productive tract
73
testes develop from ---- via action of SRY region of Y chromosome.
primitive gonads
74
active stimulation and transformation of wolffian duct into male reproductive tract requires
development of testes
75
the time period at which testes are distinguishable and become functional
distinguishable- 7 weeksfully functional in an additional 7-9 weeks.
76
development of male internal genitalia depends on two hormones produced by fetal testes:
testosteroneMIH- Mullerian- inhibiting hormone
77
MIHaka AMH
Mullerian-inhibniting hormone (MIH)anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
78
MIH (AMH) is produced by
sertoli cells
79
Testostrone is produced by
Leydig cells
80
During development of male internal genitalia testosterone act in paracrine manner to ----
stimulate development of wolffian ducts into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct.
81
Testosterone paracrine action on Wolffian ducts
Development of:epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts.
82
What happens to Wolffian ducts in the absence of Testosterone?
Wolffian duct regressionanddevelopment of Mullerian duct into:fallopian tubes, uterus cervix and upper 1/3 of vagina.
83
Mullerian duct forms these structures in the absence of testosterone:
fallopian tubesuterus cervixupper 1/3 of vagina
84
time period at which the EXTERNAL genitalia of both genders begin to differentiate
~9-10 wks
85
The common linage for the genitalia differentiation is based on the presence of --------- .
dihydrotestosterone DHT
86
DHT
dihydrotestosterone
87
X ------> DHTEnzyme: 5a-reductase
testosterone
88
5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone to this compound
DHT
89
The common target tissues of DHT in both m/f:
Genital tubercleGenital swellingUrethral foldUrogenital sinus
90
External genitalia - m
glans penisscrotumpenile shaftprostate gland
91
external genitalia-f
clitorislabia mjoralabia minoralower vagina
92
The common tissue of clitoris and glans penis:
genital tubercle
93
the common tissue of labia majora and scrotum
genital swelling
94
The common tissue of labia minora and penile shaft:
urethral folds
95
The common tissue of lower vagina and prostate gland
urogenital sinus
96
urogenital sinus + DHT (m)
prostate gland
97
urethral folds - DHT (f)
labia minora
98
genital tubercle (+) DHT (m)
glans penis
99
genital tubercle - DHT (f)
clitoris
100
urogenital sinus - DHT (f)
lower vagina
101
genital swelling - DHT (f)
labia majora
102
genetic state: XY, normalGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
testesregressed MDdeveloped WDMale
103
genetic state: XX, normalGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
ovaryMD- developedWD- regressedFemale
104
genetic state: XO, TurnersGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
StreakMD- developedWD- regressedFemale
105
genetic state: XY, No Androgen receptorGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
TestesMD- regressedWD- regressedFemale
106
genetic state: XY, Reduced TestosteroneGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
TestesMD- regressedWD- Regressed/VariableM/F
107
genetic state: XY, Red. 5-a-reductaseGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia
TestesMD- regressedWD- developedM/F
108
Androgen insensitivity syndromeGenotype: XY
X-Linked recessive due to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissue.male genotype but appears as female phenotype
109
And X-linked recessive defect that leads to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissues.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome.male genotype- female phenotype
110
Morris Syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
111
manifestation of Morris syndrome(46XY)
genetic male- phenotype female (ext. genitalia)no internal tractblind ending vaginagreater than average heightinfertileabsent or very slight pubic/axial hair.
