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Medical Physiology > Endocrine- Reproductive > Flashcards

Endocrine- Reproductive Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

regulation of endocrine function

A

Hypothalamic pituitary- gonadal axis

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2
Q

The role of reproductive system

A

endocrine and exocrine, dependent of each other.Reproductive function

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3
Q

exocrine function of reproductive system

A

gametogenesis

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4
Q

sex steroid production

A

Testes and ovaries- endocrine glands , in addition to gamete production

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5
Q

Sex Steroid circulation (testosterone and estrogen)

A

bound to SSBG or albumin

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6
Q

SSBG

A

steroid binding globulin

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7
Q

progesterone circulation

A

bound to CBG

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8
Q

CBG

A

corticosteroid binding globulin

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9
Q

Normal levels of testosterone (T), Estrogen (E) and estradiol 17B depends on

A

agegenderhealth statustime of the daywomen: phase of menstrual cycle

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10
Q

sex steroid metabolism s similar to ……….

A

corticosteroids and mineral corticoids

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11
Q

sex steroid metabolism

A

mainly liverurine excretion

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12
Q

Enzyme for androstenediol —> androsteroneand Testosterone —> dihydrotestosterone

A

5-a- reductase

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13
Q

location for the following conversionsAndrostenediol to andsosteroneand T conversion to Dihydrotestosterone

A

SER

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14
Q

SERA –> 17-a-hydroxypregnenolone –> B

A

A- pregnenoloneB- DHEA- Dehydroepiandrosterone

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15
Q

DHEA

A

de. hydro.epi.andro.sterone

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16
Q

Estrone (E1) and Estradiol (E2) are converted to —— in the liver.

A

estriol E3

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17
Q

total # of Cs for male sex steroid

A

19

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18
Q

total # of carbon of estrogens

A

18

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19
Q

precursor of extraglandular estrogens in men

A

andro.sten.ediol

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20
Q

DHT

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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21
Q

cells producing T

A

leydig cells of testes

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22
Q

source of androgenic hormones in women

A

adrenal

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23
Q

the androgenic hormones in women, take effect during this period

A

after menopauseandrogenic hormones produced by adrenals

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24
Q

Estrogens

A

Estradiol 17B, estrone, estriol

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25
Q

estrogens are produced in

A

ovaries

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26
Q

cell(s) responsible for estrogen production

A

granulosa and thecal

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27
Q

two locations for progesterone production

A

corpus luteumlater: placenta

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28
Q

required for libido in women

A

androgens

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29
Q

androgens

A

testosterone:- androstenedione (precursor of extraglandular estrogen)- DHEA- DHT

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30
Q

precursor of extraglandular estrogens in men

A

androstenedione

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31
Q

Locations/sub-location of GnRH production

A

arcuate nucleusandpreoptic are of hypothalamus

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32
Q

GnRH as a DECAPEPTIDE

A

1- synthesis: PREPRO-hormone2- cleavage: PRO-hormone3- cleavage: decapeptide

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33
Q

92AA GnRH

A

preprohormone

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34
Q

69AA GnRH

A

prohormone

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35
Q

GAP

A

GnRH associated hormone

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36
Q

GnRH associate hormone

A

56AA left-over- decapeptide

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37
Q

GAP secretion and function

A

simultaneously with GnRHPossible Role: inhibition of prolactin secretion

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38
Q

GnRH binds the plasma membrane of ——- in pituitary and stimulates the release of both FSH and LH.

A

gonadotroph

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39
Q

mention other hormones in the same family as LH/FSH

A

TSH and hCG

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40
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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41
Q

FSH/LH structure

A

Glycoproteins with a and B subunits

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42
Q

compare and contrast the subunits of LH/FSH, TSH, and hCG

A

All glycoproteins: a and B subunitsa chains are the sameB chain confers specificity

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43
Q

Rhythmic secretion of this hormone expression rates of the following genes:a, B(LH) and B(FSH) subunits

A

GnRH

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44
Q

Except GnRHOther hormones that affect the differential secretion of LH and FSH

A

testosterone, estrogen, activing and ihibin

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45
Q

individual with both male and female gonads

A

true hermaphrodites

46
Q

individuals with the gonads of one sex but the external genitalia of the opposite sex or both sexes

A

pseudohermaphrodites

47
Q

period for gonadal differentiation- in which m/f in-utero gonals are indifferent

A

1st 5 week- indifferent gonals

48
Q

cell types of indifferent m/f gonads during the first 5-week of pregnancy

A

coelomic epithelialmesenchymal stromal cells

49
Q

coelomic epithelial

A

precursors of granulosa and sertoli cells

50
Q

precursor of sertoli cells

A

coelomic epithelial

51
Q

precursors of theca and leydig cells

A

mesenchymal stromal cells

52
Q

period of m. gonadal differentiation

A

6-7 wks

53
Q

male gonadal differentiation

A

formation of seminiferous tubilessertoli cells enclose germ cells

54
Q

the period of leydig cells appearance during m. gonadal differentiation

A

by 8-9 week

55
Q

which one of the following can not be detected at 6-7 wks gestation period:A- germ cellsB- seminiferous tubulesC- leydig cellsD- sertoli cells

A

C- leydig cells appear later- 8-9 weeksChoice A might have been difficult to eliminate. Indirectly, it’s been given that during 6-7 weeks sertoli cells enclose germ cells.

56
Q

When does f. gonadal differentiation begins

A

~ 9 weeks

57
Q

Gonadal differentiation:male6-7 weeks8-9 weeks

A

6-7 wksseminiferous tubules formsertoli cells enclose germ cellsBY 8-9leydig cells appear

58
Q

female differentiation at 9 weeks

A

XX activation (both)Germ cells – MITOSIS –> oogoniaMeiosis initiated in some oogonia - surrounded by granulosa cells and stroma.Stroma –> thecacells arrested in late prophase

59
Q

the stage at which female cells are arrested at

A

late prophase

60
Q

germ cells that undergo mitosis form

A

oogonia

61
Q

( females ) in some of ——- meiosis is initiated.

A

oogonia

62
Q

From —-, theca cells develop.

A

stroma

63
Q

male determinant chromosome

A

Y

64
Q

SRY

A

Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome

65
Q

location of SRY

A

Short arm of Y chromosomed

66
Q

this gene allows the development of testes

A

SRY

67
Q

The genes that encode androgen receptors are located on this chromosome

A

X

68
Q

Regardless of the genetic make up, prior to 6 weeks gestation, the fetus has indifferent gonads that have formed from —–

A

the genital ridges

69
Q

At 6 week gestation the genital ridges are invaded by

A

migratory germ cells

70
Q

the two ducts in early embryo, regardless of the sex are:

A

Wolffian ductMullerian duct

71
Q

wolffian ducts future

A

male internal reproductive tract

72
Q

mullerian duct future

A

female internal re[productive tract

73
Q

testes develop from —- via action of SRY region of Y chromosome.

A

primitive gonads

74
Q

active stimulation and transformation of wolffian duct into male reproductive tract requires

A

development of testes

75
Q

the time period at which testes are distinguishable and become functional

A

distinguishable- 7 weeksfully functional in an additional 7-9 weeks.

76
Q

development of male internal genitalia depends on two hormones produced by fetal testes:

A

testosteroneMIH- Mullerian- inhibiting hormone

77
Q

MIHaka AMH

A

Mullerian-inhibniting hormone (MIH)anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

78
Q

MIH (AMH) is produced by

A

sertoli cells

79
Q

Testostrone is produced by

A

Leydig cells

80
Q

During development of male internal genitalia testosterone act in paracrine manner to —-

A

stimulate development of wolffian ducts into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct.

81
Q

Testosterone paracrine action on Wolffian ducts

A

Development of:epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts.

82
Q

What happens to Wolffian ducts in the absence of Testosterone?

A

Wolffian duct regressionanddevelopment of Mullerian duct into:fallopian tubes, uterus cervix and upper 1/3 of vagina.

83
Q

Mullerian duct forms these structures in the absence of testosterone:

A

fallopian tubesuterus cervixupper 1/3 of vagina

84
Q

time period at which the EXTERNAL genitalia of both genders begin to differentiate

A

~9-10 wks

85
Q

The common linage for the genitalia differentiation is based on the presence of ——— .

A

dihydrotestosterone DHT

86
Q

DHT

A

dihydrotestosterone

87
Q

X ——> DHTEnzyme: 5a-reductase

A

testosterone

88
Q

5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone to this compound

A

DHT

89
Q

The common target tissues of DHT in both m/f:

A

Genital tubercleGenital swellingUrethral foldUrogenital sinus

90
Q

External genitalia - m

A

glans penisscrotumpenile shaftprostate gland

91
Q

external genitalia-f

A

clitorislabia mjoralabia minoralower vagina

92
Q

The common tissue of clitoris and glans penis:

A

genital tubercle

93
Q

the common tissue of labia majora and scrotum

A

genital swelling

94
Q

The common tissue of labia minora and penile shaft:

A

urethral folds

95
Q

The common tissue of lower vagina and prostate gland

A

urogenital sinus

96
Q

urogenital sinus + DHT (m)

A

prostate gland

97
Q

urethral folds - DHT (f)

A

labia minora

98
Q

genital tubercle (+) DHT (m)

A

glans penis

99
Q

genital tubercle - DHT (f)

A

clitoris

100
Q

urogenital sinus - DHT (f)

A

lower vagina

101
Q

genital swelling - DHT (f)

A

labia majora

102
Q

genetic state: XY, normalGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

testesregressed MDdeveloped WDMale

103
Q

genetic state: XX, normalGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

ovaryMD- developedWD- regressedFemale

104
Q

genetic state: XO, TurnersGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

StreakMD- developedWD- regressedFemale

105
Q

genetic state: XY, No Androgen receptorGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

TestesMD- regressedWD- regressedFemale

106
Q

genetic state: XY, Reduced TestosteroneGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

TestesMD- regressedWD- Regressed/VariableM/F

107
Q

genetic state: XY, Red. 5-a-reductaseGonads, Mullerian ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ext. Genitalia

A

TestesMD- regressedWD- developedM/F

108
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndromeGenotype: XY

A

X-Linked recessive due to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissue.male genotype but appears as female phenotype

109
Q

And X-linked recessive defect that leads to the absence of androgen receptors on target tissues.

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome.male genotype- female phenotype

110
Q

Morris Syndrome

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

111
Q

manifestation of Morris syndrome(46XY)

A

genetic male- phenotype female (ext. genitalia)no internal tractblind ending vaginagreater than average heightinfertileabsent or very slight pubic/axial hair.

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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