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Biology > Reproductive Health > Flashcards

Reproductive Health Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is infertility

A

Inability to naturally conceive a child is called infertility

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2
Q

Causes of infertility in males + Remedy

A

Poor sperm production (less in number or defective sperms)

  1. Azoospermia (no sperm cells are produced)
  2. Oligospermia (few sperm cells are produced)

Remedy: Testes stimulated by Testosterone injections

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3
Q

Causes of infertility in females

A
  1. Poor egg production
  2. Blockage between egg and sperm
  3. Hostile response to sperm
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4
Q

What leads to poor egg production?

A
  1. Hormonal changes result in less number of follicle cells
  2. Follicular cells are unable to mature into one graafian follicle (PCOD- Polycystic Ovarian Disorder)
  3. Fimbriae is unable to pick up released ovum from the ovary
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5
Q

Remedy: Poor egg production

A
  1. Pills are given to stimulate the pituitary gland and ovaries to release adequate amount of hormones
  2. Gonadotropin injections are given
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6
Q

What causes blockage between egg and sperm?

A
  1. Cervical mucus is too thick and the sperms are not allowed to enter the uterus
  2. Blockage of the fallopian tube due to inflammation or infection
  3. Damaged lining of the fallopian tube prevents it from propelling the fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation (Tube pregnancy/Ectopic pregnancy)
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7
Q

Remedy: Blockage between egg and sperm

A

Surgery is the only remedial measure

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8
Q

What causes hostile response to sperm?

A

The woman’s body produces anti-sperm antibodies (allergic response) against the sperm that enter the reproductive tract.
(NK cells- Natural killer cells that destroy the sperm)

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9
Q

Remedy: Hostile response to sperm

A

Immuno-suppressive drugs are administered

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10
Q

ART full form

A

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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11
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Semen is introducedinto the vagina or uterus of the female (IUI- Intra-uterine insemination)

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12
Q

IVF

A

In-Vitro Fertilization

  • The eggs are removed from the female and mixed with the semen in a test tube
  • It is monitored for fertilization and embryogenesis
  • Usually at the 8 celled stage (morula), the embryo is transferred ito the uterus of the female
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13
Q

GIFT

A

Gamete Intra-fallopian transfer

Eggs and sperms are collected and then transfered into the fallopian tube
Fertilization takes place In-Vivo

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14
Q

ZIFT

A

Zygote Intra-fallopian transfer

The fertilized egg with up to 8 blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tube

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15
Q

IUT

A

Intra-Uterine Transfer

The embryo at 8 blastomeres stage is introduced directly into the uterus
Fertilization is In-Vitro

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16
Q

ICSI

A

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

  • The sperm is directly injected into the ovum
  • Fertilization is In-Vitro
  • The embryo is then transferred either into the fallopian tube or uterus of the female
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17
Q

Surrogate motherhood

A
  • Sperm is collected from the husband and introduced into a surrogate woman at her fertile period
  • If she gets pregnant, the baby is carried in her womb, full term and after childbirth, handed over to the couple.
  • Here, only the father is a biological parent
18
Q

Embryo donation

A

If a wife is unable to produce healthy eggs, egg is taken from a donor woman and fertilized with the sperm from the husband and embryo is introduced into the wife’s uterus

19
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A
  • Amniocentesis is a technique used to diagnose foetal abnormalities and genetic defects in a growing foetus
  • Sometimes, this technique is used during the first trimester to find the sex of the child, subsequently leading to female foeticide
20
Q

How is amniocentesis performed?

A

Using a hypodermic needle, the amniotic fluid is extracted from the foetus and sent for biochemical analysis and karyotyping

21
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

22
Q

Syphilis

A

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Treponema pallidum

23
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis

24
Q

Herpes

A

Viral STD

Causative agent: Herpes simplex virus

25
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficieny Syndrome

Viral STD

Causative agent: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

26
Q

Genital Warts

A

Viral STD

Causative agent: Human Papilloma Virus

27
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Viral STD

Causative agent: Hepatitis B Virus

28
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Protozoan STD

Causative agent: Trichomonas vaginalis

29
Q

Symptoms of STDs

A
  1. Itching in genitals
  2. Pain
  3. Swelling
  4. Unusual fluid discharge

By early detection, diagnosis, and medication, most of the STDs are curable

30
Q

Reproductive health

A

Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social

31
Q

Natural family planning

A
  1. Calendar method
  2. Temperature method
  3. Mucus method
32
Q

Calendar method

A

Natural family planning

Sexual abstinence on the days when the woman is fertile.

Failure of this system is very common because it is difficult to determine when a woman is ovulating

33
Q

Temperature method

A

Natural family planning

The body’s temperature takes a slight dip before ovulation and then rises by 0.5 or 1 degree Fahrenheit a day later

34
Q

Mucus method

A

Natural family planning
This method is based on the fact that the mucus secreted by the cervix thins and increases in quantity at ovulation

35
Q

Lactational amenorrhea

A
  1. During breastfeeding, the increased levels of prolactin suppress the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
  2. This, in turn reduces the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.
  3. Oxytocin release during breastfeeding helps to enhance the suppressive effects of prolactin on ovulation and menstrual cycles.
  4. This suppresses ovulation, leading to the absence of menstrual periods.
36
Q

Artificial family planning

A
  1. Barrier contraception
  2. Intra-uterine devices (IUD)
  3. Pills and injections
  4. Sterilization
  5. Medical termination of pregnancy
37
Q

Barrier contraception

A

Artificial family planning

Male condoms
Female condoms
Vaginal diaphragm
Spermicidal agents

38
Q

Intra-uterine devices

A

Artificial family planning

placed in the womb to prevent the fertilized egg becoming implanted in the wall of the womb where it would grow

39
Q

Pills and injections

A

Artificial family planning

Most effective method of contraception invented

Saheli- Birth control pills

Inhibits production of GnRH–> LH and FSH reduced

  • Inhibit ovulation
  • thicken the cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperm
  • inhibit implantation
40
Q

Sterilization

A

Artificial family planning

Male sterilization- vasectomy
Female sterilization- tubal ligation/tubectomy

41
Q

What is MTP

A

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy or induced abortion

42
Q

Methods of MTP

A
  1. Dilatation and Curettage: Cervix is dilated and implanted ovum is removed
  2. Vacuum Aspiration: Implanted ovum is removed by vacuum aspiration. Can be done up to 12 weeks of pregnancy
  3. Administration of Prostaglandin: Prostaglandin administered intravaginally which increases uterine contractions resulting in abortion.

Biology (31 decks)

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